88 research outputs found
Endoparasites in pigs raised in smallholder farms in Hung Yen province of Vietnam
As being part of an ongoing project, assessing animal health and food
safety risks in smallholder pig value chains in Hung Yen province of
Vietnam, the presence of endoparasites was investigated in a repeated
study. Three communes, with a total of 545 smallhoder pig farms, from
three districts were selected. In each commune, ten farms were
randomly chosen. On farm data including farm management and
biosecurity measures were recorded by using a checklist and observations.
From each farm, one pooled fecal sample was collected from a
randomly chosen barn monthly and followed from June to December
2014 for seven months. Fecal samples were analyzed for intestinal
parasites by floatation and sedimentation methods. The intensity of
most commonly seen parasites was determined by the McMaster
counting technique. In 198 collected fecal samples, six types of
parasites were detected, namely Eimeria 89 (44.95%), Ascaris suum 43
(21.72%), Strongyloides sp. 41 (20.71%), Trichocephalus suis 19 (9.60%),
Fasciolopsis buski 10 (5.05%), and Fasciola 2 (1.01%). Highest intensities
were observed for Eimeria (maximum 80900 oocyst/g), followed by
Ascaris suum (2400 egg/g), Strongyloides sp. (1900 egg/g), and Trichocephalus
suis (1300 egg/g); the others were reported at much lower
intensities. Infection levels and intensities of the parasites tended to be
higher during the hot months, June to September. No significant
difference between communes was found. At least one type of parasites
was present in 137 samples (69.19%). Most of farms (96.67%) were
positive for at least one type of parasites in at least one sample. There
was a significant difference in infection level of endoparasites between
biogas and non-biogas farms. The general high parasite burden
reported in this study will be addressed in future interventions which
will include parasite control apart from other measures
Alkaloids and Their Pharmacology Effects from <em>Zanthoxylum</em> Genus
Zanthoxylum genus (Rutaceae) comprises about 212 species distributed in warm temperature and subtropical areas in the worldwide. Zanthoxylum species have been used in traditional for the treatment of tooth decay, snakebites, blood circulation problems, stomach problems, inflammation, rheumatic, and parasitic diseases. The chemical investigations of Zanthoxylum have been studied by many scientists over the world. Several classes of compounds have been isolated from this genus such as alkaloids, coumarins, and monoterpenes. Of these, alkaloids are the main components and play an important role in Zanthoxylum species. Alkaloids have been shown the potential promise about biological activities: cytotoxic, antimalarial, leishmanicidal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiviral, and antibacterial activities. This chapter will focus on the structure elucidation and pharmacological activities of alkaloids from Zanthoxylum species. In addition, the absolute configuration of some alkaloids from Zanthoxylum genus will be also discussed
LIGNANS FROM LEAVES OF AMESIODENDRON CHINENSE AND THEIR CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY
ABSTRACTFrom leaves of Amesiodendron chinense (Mer.) Hu four lignans (+)-aptosimon (1), (+)-isolariciresinol (2), (-)-cleomiscosin A (3), and (-)-cleomiscosin C (3) were isolated. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis including MS, 1D and 2D NMR as well as by comparison with reported data in literature. All compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines, KB, SK-LU-1, MCF-7, HepG-2, and SW-480. They showed weak cytotoxic activity on five tested human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 32.61 to 95.18 µg/ml
Study on synthesis of some new derivatives of Malloapelta B isolated from Mallotus apelta
Six new benzopyran derivatives were synthesized by reduction reaction and Michael reaction from malloapelta B. Their structures were determined as 8-(1’-oxo-butyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran (2), 8-(1’-oxo-3’(R)-methyl-4’-acetyl-5’-oxo-hexyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran (3), 8-(1’-oxo-3’(R)-methyl-4’(S/R)-(methyl fomiate)-5’-oxo-hexyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran (4,4’), 8-(1’-oxo-3’(R)-methyl-4’(S/R)-(ethyl formiate)-5’-oxo-hexyl)-5,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran (5,5’) by spectroscopic data, including two-dimensional NMR techniques and ESI spectrum.Keywords: Malloapelta B; Michael reaction; reduction reaction; 5,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran
Megastigmans and other compounds from Antidesma hainanensis Merr.
Four megastigmans 7-megastigmene-3-ol-9-one 3-O-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside]  (1), alangionoside L (2),  alangioside (3), ampelopsisionoside (4), and other constituents as N–trans-feruloyloctopamide (5), trans-linalool-3,6-oxide-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), 5α,8α-dipioxiergosta-6,22-diene-3β-ol (7), and (Z)-2-hexenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (8) were isolated from the methanol extract of the Antidesma hainanensis leaves. Their chemical structures were successfully determined using NMR and ESI-MS analysis as well as in comparison with the reported data. This is the first report of these compounds from Euphorbiaceae family
Biosecurity practices in small-scale pig farms in Hung Yen and Nghe An, Vietnam
With pork representing more than 70% of meat consumption in Vietnam pig production
is growing fast and plays an important role in the livestock production. Especially
smallholder farms contribute substantial to the pork supply (approximately 80 %) because
of consumer preferences, subsistence and commercial purposes. Despite of this
considerable market share the overwhelming majority of smallholder pig farms lack
of technologies, biosecurity and control measures in terms of diseases, hygiene and
environment conditions. As being part of a wider research on improving smallholder
pig value chains in Vietnam a longitudinal survey was conducted with the objectives
to assess biosecurity practices and related farm management which will be used to
identify suitable options for improved disease control. The survey was carried between
March and December 2014 in the Hung Yen and Nghe An provinces of Vietnam.
Thirty farms were selected randomly in each provinces as a sub-sample from a
larger sampling frame (N=416) and visited in fortnightly intervals. On farm data by
using a checklist and observations included information on farm management, biosecurity
measures, working and feed storage conditions as well as diseases events. In
general diseases control measures were found insufficient. The majority of farmers
allowed visitors to access the farm without any restrictions (69.7%) throughout the
entire observation period. Disinfection mattresses were installed only in 42.7% of
visits, and even applied, often not maintained. The use of protective clothes and boots
by workers was the exception (81.2%). Pre-weaning piglets were usually not provided
with litter (88.9%) and/or heat sources (74.1%), the latter being a particular
constraint during the cold season. From an animal welfare perspective it was notable
that only approximately half of farms provided permanent water access to their
pigs (48%). Poor management was also reported for feed handling and storage with
clear signs of rodents or pests in feed (47.9%) and visible signs of moisture (49.4%).
Observed gaps in farm management will be addressed in the upcoming intervention
phase by developing and testing of packages guided by feasibility, cost benefit and
farmers compliance
Animal health and food safety in smallholder pig value chains in Vietnam
Pork represents more than 70% of meat consumption in Vietnam and
production delivers significant benefits to smallholders who supply 80%
of the market. Lack of technologies and poor hygienic/biosecurity
measures are common challenges resulting in increased disease risk
(including food borne) along the chain. Vietnamese consumers prefer
fresh, un-chilled pork provided at outlets supplied by smallholders but
increasingly concerns about pig diseases and food safety are expressed
by consumers. While research has been done at selected nodes of the
chain (e.g. slaughterhouses), “farm to fork” approaches are still lacking.
Here we present selected results and the development of feasible
interventions from an ongoing study involving two provinces of
Vietnam (Nghe An and Hung Yen) that aims for improved productivity
and food safety in smallholder pig value chains. An initial assessment
phase (finalized) is followed by interventions targeting identification of
“best bets” (ongoing). Involved chain actors range from suppliers, via
producers, slaughterhouses/markets to consumers. Data collection
comprises quantitative and qualitative tools supported by a microbiological
risk assessment. Identified constraints along key nodes of the
chain include, for example, poor on-farm and slaughterhouse hygiene
determined by presence of biological hazards aligned with rudimentary
control/prevention measures. Selected results on food safety include
considerable high pathogen loads for Salmonella along the chain (e.g.
on-farm drinking water, 19%; slaughterhouses, floor swabs 22%; and,
pork cuts at markets, 45%). Basic on-farm biosecurity is rare (e.g. use of
disinfection matrices, quarantine or visitor control). Examples for the
development of specific interventions will be discussed
Food safety from a global perspective to a country perspective addressing challenges along smallholder pig systems in Vietnam
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Researc
Food safety assessment and challenges along small-scale pig systems in Vietnam
Food borne diseases (FBD) are an increasing global public health concern with
estimated 1 in 10 people falling ill every year from eating contaminated food causing
420,000 deaths. Diarrheal diseases accounted for more than half of the global
burden with children at especial risk (WHO 2015). Evidence on FBD in low and
middle income countries, including Vietnam, is still limited but the risk is considered
to be higher than in high income countries due to poor hygiene, inadequate food
production and storage, risky consumption habits, and weak legislation and
enforcement. For Vietnam, pork is an important component of the diet and accounts
for more than 70% of meat consumed: most (84%) is supplied by small and medium
scale farmers. Recent ILRI studies have demonstrated strong preferences of
Vietnamese consumers for fresh, un-chilled pork sold at conventional wet markets
but also increasing concerns over food safety have been expressed by urban
consumers. Existing food safety studies along the pig sector have focused on
assessment of hazards (mainly Salmonella) at a specific actor of the pork chain while
farm to fork approaches or studies measuring the impact of hazards to human are
limited. Since 2012 ILRI has implemented specific studies assessing food safety
issues including zoonoses along pig value chains in selected regions of Vietnam.
This included risk assessments of food safety hazards in pork such as Salmonella
along a more peri-urban value chain with mainly exotic pigs or their crosses (Hung
Yen province). In addition, we assessed the presence of two major zoonoses
(trichinellosis and cysticercosis) in a rural indigenous pig value chain in the Central
Highlands of Vietnam. Results for Hung Yen show a high presence of biological
hazards (e.g. 43% pork cuts at market are Salmonella contaminated). Key challenges
include poor slaughter and meat handling hygiene (eg. floor slaughter) aligned with
low awareness on related health risks among interviewed actors. Another challenge
is to identify feasible incentives to motivate change of behavior and practice of actors.
For the native pig system (Central Highlands) sporadic infections with trichinellosis
and cysticercosis were found. Key challenges include here predominant risky farm
management practices (free roaming of pigs) but also very low awareness and
knowledge on zoonoses of native pig producers who are often members of poor
ethnic minorities
Merosesquiterpenes from marine sponge Smenospongia cerebriformis
Using various chromatography methods, three merosesquiterpenes belonging to sesquiterpene quinone type, neodactyloquinone (1), dactyloquinone D (2), and dactyloquinone C (3) together with two indole derivatives indole-3-aldehyde (4) and indole-3-cacboxylic methyl ester (5) were isolated from the methanol extract of the Vietnamese marine sponge Smenospongia cerebriformis. Their structures were determined by 1D-, 2D-NMR spectra, HR-ESI-MS and in comparison with those reported in the literature. Keywords. Smenospongia cerebriformis, merosesquiterpene, sesquiterpene quinone, indole derivative
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