Personality Disorder, Institutional Violence and Self-Esteem in three Forensic Intellectual Disability Samples

The relationship between personality disorder and institutional violence and the mediating effect of self-esteem are investigated among offenders in specialist forensic services for individuals with intellectual disability. Additionally, attention has been paid to the predictive ability of two diagnostic approaches in this respect. The results of the analyses are distinguished across three levels of security. Differing results has been found for those various samples. This study makes clear that it is important to focus on strengthening self-esteem in intervention programs in high secure settings to reduce the prevalence of institutional violence in individuals with intellectual disability with comorbid personality disorder

The validity of two diagnostic systems for personality disorder in people with intellectual disabilities: a short report

Background -- Over the last 10 years there has been greater interest in the diagnosis of personality disorder (PD) in people with intellectual disabilities (ID). One important characteristic of a diagnostic system is that it should have validity as a contribution to utility. PD has been found to have a predictive relationship with violence and the present study reviews two methods for the diagnosis of PD in offenders with ID in order to evaluate the utility of the diagnoses. Method --212 offenders with ID were recruited from three settings -- maximum-security, medium/low security and community services. Three research assistants were trained over a period of two weeks in order to increase reliability for the extraction of information from the case notes and the diagnosis of PD. Diagnoses of PD in the case files were compared with a structured system of diagnosis based on DSM IV traits. Results – There were significant differences between the two systems with a significantly higher frequency of PD diagnosis in the community forensic setting in the structured assessment system. There was no relationship between the case files diagnosis of PD and future violence but there was a significant predictive relationship between the structured diagnosis of PD and future violence with an AUC=.62. Conclusions -- Only the structured assessment of PD had utility for the prediction of violence. Reasons for the differences between the systems are discussed and suggestions made on how a diagnosis of PD can be structured for the busy clinician

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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The chick embryo test as used in the study of the toxicity of certain dithiocarbamates

The toxicities of six dithiocarbamates: bis(dimethyl thiocarbamoyl) disulfide (thiram), zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ziram), ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate (ferbam), bis(dimethyl thiocarbamoyl) ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) (triaram), sodium diethyl dithiocarbamate (NaDEDC), and sodium ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) (nabam) were determined in the chick embryo. The substances were dissolved in propylene glycol and injected in the air chamber prior to incubation. Injection in the yolk sac on any day of development or in the air chamber after the first day was unsuitable for the assessment of an LD50. With the exception of nabam, the dithiocarbamates were extremely toxic for the early chick embryo. Cysteine injected simultaneously in the air chamber protected the embryos from the toxic effect of thiram or ziram but not from the action of triaram. It is suggested that the former two dithiocarbamates are reduced by cysteine to less toxic compounds

Effet d'un régime pauvre en magnésium sur la toxicité de l'histamine chez le rat

The lethality of histamine was studied in two groups of young rats fed diets low and normal in magnesium content. The plasma magnesium levels of the two groups on the eight day were 0.39 mg/100 ml for the rats on the low magnesium diet and 2.11 mg/100 ml for the group on the normal diet. The LD50's (and the 95 per cent confidence limits) for both groups for histamine administered intravenously were 412 (349–486) and 530 (449–625) mg histamine computed as free base/kg body weight, respectively (p < 0.05). The data indicate that a reduction in total body magnesium enhances the toxic effects of histamine in this species

Neurotoxic effect of the dithiocarbamate tecoram on the chick embryo

Tecoram, when administered at doses of 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 mg per egg in propylene glycol or in saline to chick embryos caused paralysis, shortening of the extremities, muscular atrophy, dwarfing and death. Microscopically there were signs of peripheral neuropathy, mainly confined to the distal parts of the peripheral nerves, and muscular atrophy. This investigation shows that the chick embryo may be a suitable experimental model for study of the neurotoxic effect of dithiocarbamates

Effet d'un régime pauvre en magnésium sur la toxicité de l'histamine chez le rat

The lethality of histamine was studied in two groups of young rats fed diets low and normal in magnesium content. The plasma magnesium levels of the two groups on the eight day were 0.39 mg/100 ml for the rats on the low magnesium diet and 2.11 mg/100 ml for the group on the normal diet. The LD50's (and the 95 per cent confidence limits) for both groups for histamine administered intravenously were 412 (349–486) and 530 (449–625) mg histamine computed as free base/kg body weight, respectively (p < 0.05). The data indicate that a reduction in total body magnesium enhances the toxic effects of histamine in this species