3 research outputs found
Realising the right to data portability for the domestic Internet of Things
There is an increasing role for the IT design community to play in regulation
of emerging IT. Article 25 of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
2016 puts this on a strict legal basis by establishing the need for information
privacy by design and default (PbD) for personal data-driven technologies.
Against this backdrop, we examine legal, commercial and technical perspectives
around the newly created legal right to data portability (RTDP) in GDPR. We are
motivated by a pressing need to address regulatory challenges stemming from the
Internet of Things (IoT). We need to find channels to support the protection of
these new legal rights for users in practice. In Part I we introduce the
internet of things and information PbD in more detail. We briefly consider
regulatory challenges posed by the IoT and the nature and practical challenges
surrounding the regulatory response of information privacy by design. In Part
II, we look in depth at the legal nature of the RTDP, determining what it
requires from IT designers in practice but also limitations on the right and
how it relates to IoT. In Part III we focus on technical approaches that can
support the realisation of the right. We consider the state of the art in data
management architectures, tools and platforms that can provide portability,
increased transparency and user control over the data flows. In Part IV, we
bring our perspectives together to reflect on the technical, legal and business
barriers and opportunities that will shape the implementation of the RTDP in
practice, and how the relationships may shape emerging IoT innovation and
business models. We finish with brief conclusions about the future for the RTDP
and PbD in the IoT
The European Union and Public Health Emergencies: Expert Opinions on the Management of the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Suggestions for Future Emergencies
Objective: The first wave of the coronavirus SARS-COV-2 pandemic has revealed a fragmented governance within the European Union (EU) to tackle public health emergencies. This qualitative study aims: 1) to understand the current EU position within the field of public health emergencies taking the case of the COVID-19 as an example by comparing and contrasting experiences from EU institutions and experts from various EU Member States at the beginning of the pandemic; and, 2) to identify and to formulate future EU pandemic strategies and actions based on experts' opinions. Methods: Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with public health experts from various European Member States and European Commission officials from May 2020 until August 2020. The transcripts were analyzed by Thematic Content Analysis (TCA), mainly a manifest content analysis. Results: This study demonstrated that the limited EU mandate in health hinders proper actions to prevent and tackle infectious disease outbreaks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that this limitation significantly impacted the ECDC, as the Member States' competence did not allow the agency to have more capacity. The European Commission has fulfilled its role of coordinating and supporting the Member States by facilitating networks and information exchange. However, EU intra- and inter-communication need further improvement. Although diverse EU instruments and mechanisms were found valid, their implementation needed to be faster and more efficient. The results pointed out that underlying political challenges in EU decision-making regarding health emergencies hinder the aligned response. It was stated that the Member States were not prepared, and due to the restriction of their mandate, EU institutions could not enforce binding guidelines. Additionally, the study explored future EU pandemic strategies and actions. Both, EU institutions and national experts suggested similar and clear recommendations regarding the ECDC, the investment, and future harmonized preparedness tools. Conclusion: The complex politics of public health at the EU level have led to the fragmentation of its governance for effective pandemic responses. This ongoing pandemic has shed light on the fragility of the political and structural systems in Europe in public health emergencies. Health should be of high importance in the political agenda, and robust health reforms at the local, regional, national, and EU levels are highly recommended