Briquetagem de biomassa florestal: variáveis do processo e qualidade do produto.

EVINCI. Resumo

Alteração de propriedades energéticas de briquetes de biomassa florestal em função do material e umidade.

EVINCI. Resumo

Achieving Zero Hunger by 2030 A Review of Quantitative Assessments of Synergies and Tradeoffs amongst the UN Sustainable Development Goals

The Sustainable Development Goal 2 “Zero hunger” (SDG2) sets clear global targets for ensuring access to sufficient food and healthy nutrition for all by 2030, while keeping food systems within sustainable boundaries and protecting livelihoods. Yet, the current trends show the level of challenge ahead, especially as the COVID-19 pandemic worsens the global development prospects. Intrinsically, SDG2 presents some points of tension between its internal targets and brings some synergies but also strong trade-offs with other sustainable development goals. \textlessbr /\textgreater We summarize in this paper the main relations between SDG2 targets and the other development goals and explain how the modelling literature has analyzed the SDG interactions around “Zero hunger”. SDG2 integrates four ambitious objectives – adequate food, no malnutrition, in increased incomes for smallholders, greater sustainability – that will require careful implementation to be conducted in synergy. We show that the compatibility of these objectives will depend on the interplay of future food demand drivers and the contribution of productivity gains across the food system. \textlessbr /\textgreater Analyzing the SDGs’ interrelations reveals the strong synergies between SDG2 and some other basic subsistence goals, in particular, Goal 1 “No poverty” and Goal 3 “Good health and well- being”. These goals need to be jointly addressed in order to succeed in “Zero hunger”. Several other SDGs have been shown to be key enablers for SDG2, in particular on the socio-economic side. On the other hand, agricultural production substantially contributes to the risks of exceeding critical global sustainability thresholds. We illustrate how recent modelling work has shed light on the interface between future food and nutrition needs, and the various environmental dimensions. Specifically, several important SDGs have been shown to compete directly with SDG2 through their common demands for scarce natural resources – including land for climate (SDG13), for biodiversity (SDG15) and for cities (SDG11), as well as the provision of water, both for the environment and for human needs (SDG6). Quantitative assessments show that more efficient production systems and technologies, pricing of externalities, and integrated resource management can mitigate some of these tradeoffs, but are unlikely to succeed in resolving these altogether. \textlessbr /\textgreater The success of achieving SDG2 in the face of these challenges will require new investments, smoothly functioning trade and effective markets, as well as changes in consumption patterns. Forward-looking analyses of global food systems indicate that deep transformations combining various measures will be needed to simultaneously achieve SDG2 targets while remaining within the planetary boundaries. These require fundamental changes, both on the supply side and on the demand side, and highlight the importance of SDG12 on “responsible production and consumption”

Integrated Management of Land-use Systems under Systemic Risks and Food-(bio)energy-water-environmental Security Targets: A Stochastic Global Biosphere Management Model

Interdependencies among land-use systems resemble a complex network connected through demand–supply relations, and disruption of the network may catalyze systemic risks affecting food, energy, water, and environmental security (FEWES) worldwide. This paper describes the conceptual development, expansion, and practical application of a stochastic version of the Global Biosphere Management Model (GLOBIOM), a model that is used to assess competition for land use between agriculture, bioenergy, and forestry at regional and global scales. In the stochastic version of the model, systemic risks of various kinds are explicitly covered and can be analyzed and mitigated in all their interactions. While traditional deterministic scenario analysis produces sets of often contradictory outcomes, stochastic GLOBIOM explicitly derives robust decisions that leave the systems better off, independently of what scenario occurs. Stochastic GLOBIOM is formulated as a stochastic optimization model that is central for evaluating portfolios of robust interdependent decisions: ex ante strategic decisions (production allocation, storage capacities) and ex post adaptive (demand, trading, storage control) decisions. For example, the model is applied to the case of increased storage facilities, which can be viewed as catastrophe pools to buffer production shortfalls and fulfill regional and global FEWES requirements when extreme events occur. Expected shortfalls and storage capacities have a close relation with Value-at-Risk and Conditional Value-at-Risk risk measures. The Value of Stochastic Solutions is calculated to present the benefits of the stochastic over the deterministic model

Addressing climate change adaptation with a stochastic integrated assessment model: Analysis of common agricultural policy measures

Stochastic agro-economic model GLOBIOM is used to demonstrate how best to design and evaluate the CAP’s financial and structural measures, both individually and jointly, in the face of inherent uncertainty and risk. The model accounts for plausible shocks simultaneously and derives measures that are robust against all shock scenarios; it can thus help avoid the irreversibility and sunk costs that occur in unexpected scenarios.To allow adequate agricultural production, we show that the distribution of CAP funds needs to account for exposure to risks, security targets, and the synergies between policy measures, including production, trade, storage, and irrigation technologies

Tackling food consumption inequality to fight hunger without pressuring the environment

Ending hunger is a Sustainable Development Goal of the UN. However, feeding a growing world population by increasing food production without implementing more sustainable consumption will threaten the environment. We explore alternative hunger eradication scenarios that do not compromise environmental protection. We find that an economy-growth-oriented scenario, which ignores inequitable food distribution and is aimed at ending hunger by increasing overall food availability, would require about 20% more food production, 48 Mha of additional agricultural land and would increase greenhouse gas emissions by 550 Mt of CO2 equivalents yr−1 in 2030, compared with the business-as-usual scenario. If hunger eradication efforts were focused solely on the under-nourished, food demand would increase by only 3%, and the associated environmental trade-offs would be largely reduced. Moreover, a combined scenario that targets the under-nourished while also reducing over-consumption, food waste, agricultural intensification and other environmental impacts would reduce food demand by 9% compared with the business-as-usual scenario and would lead to the multiple benefits of reducing hunger and contributing to environmental sustainability

Influência da pressão na densidade e no teor de umidade de briquetes de diferentes resíduos de biomassa florestal.

Resumo

Bouncing Forward Sustainably: Pathways to a post-COVID World. Resilient Food Systems

COVID-19 and the global lockdown have triggered a humanitarian and socioeconomic crisis, which threatens to undermine the progress towards eradicating poverty and hunger. We are confronted with a new reality for sustainable development. How food systems will be transformed during the socioeconomic recovery will play an important role in determining whether the Sustainable Development Goals and Paris Agreement are still within our reach. COVID-19 exerts supply and demand-based shocks on food systems. The global lockdown to contain the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression. The economic impact on developing countries is further compounded by depreciation of local currencies, loss of income from remittances and declining prices for export commodities. The impact on supply chains has been heterogeneous, but COVID-19 revealed vulnerabilities in some complex and specialized supply chains, where the link between producer and consumer has been broken. While the outlook for global food supply is strong and the prices for most agricultural commodities have remained stable or even declined, the global lockdown and other containment measures may lead to local constraints in food supply and price spikes. Rising levels of poverty and unemployment have further exacerbated food insecurity in developing and developed countries, particularly in urban areas. Without rapid mitigative action, the pandemic may double the number of people at risk of dying from acute hunger, threatening severe famines in vulnerable countries. Recovery from global lockdown requires an emphasis on building more resilient food systems. COVID-19 reinforces the need to rebalance the focus on economic efficiency of our global food system with a greater emphasis on resilience and social and environmental sustainability. Strategic decisions taken during the economic recovery phase, signals sent by policies and fiscal policy packages have the potential to lock-in development pathways for the coming years. The following considerations should be taken into account when structuring the recovery process: i) expanding social safety nets to ensure food and nutritional security; ii) assessing systemic risks in food systems and the role of trade and self-sufficiency; iii) advancing innovation and the adoption of sustainable technologies and practices; and iv) strengthening the accounting and management of natural capital. A comprehensive approach to COVID-19 recovery and sustainable development demands further emphasis on interdisciplinary cooperation and systems thinking. It requires also a strengthening of the science policy interface, so that feed-back loops between impacts and scenario analysis, fact-based policy design, and implementation are improved. Coupled with an emphasis on open data and information access, important scientific contributions to decision making processes include: i) strengthening near real time monitoring capabilities across the development and environmental dimensions of food systems; and ii) providing integrated assessments of the implications of strategic choices for sustainable development pathways in a post COVID-19 world

Greenhouse gas mitigation potentials in the livestock sector

Acknowledgements This paper constitutes an output of the Belmont Forum/FACCE-JPI funded DEVIL project (NE/M021327/1). Financial support from the CGIAR Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the EU-FP7 AnimalChange project is also recognized. P.K.T. acknowledges the support of a CSIRO McMaster Research Fellowship.Peer reviewedPostprin