Perceived Income Justice Depends on the Economy

At least half of all employees in Germany described their wages in all three survey years under consideration here - 2005, 2007, and 2009 - as just. Still, major changes occurred over this period in how people perceived their earnings. Data from the Socio- Economic Panel (SOEP) Study show that after an increase in income dissatisfaction in 2007, the percentage of the population who consider their income unjust has again decreased substantially in 2009 - at 30 percent - to 2005 levels. This suggests that in times of economic crisis, people are willing to lower their earnings expectations, while in times of economic growth - like the year 2007 - they expect to share in the benefits of increased prosperity. The analysis shows that it was mainly people in the low to medium income range and in particular skilled workers who perceived their net income as unjust, a perception that remained stable over time. This is partly due to the income taxes paid by these groups. In the upper income segment, in contrast, no negative effect of the income tax burden on perceived income justice is found. Finally, the results confirm previous studies indicating that even in a world in which everyone received the wages they subjectively perceived to be fair, income differences between men and women would still persist. Women's income expectations are significantly lower than men's - even within the individual occupational groups.Justice, SOEP, Inequality

Complete mapping of the spin-wave spectrum in vortex state nano-disk

We report a study on the complete spin-wave spectrum inside a vortex state nano-disk. Transformation of this spectrum is continuously monitored as the nano-disk becomes gradually magnetized by a perpendicular magnetic field and encouters a second order phase transition to the uniformly magnetized state. This reveals the bijective relationship that exists between the eigen-modes in the vortex state with the ones in the saturated state. It is found that the gyrotropic mode can be continuously viewed as a uniform phase precession, which uniquely softens (its frequency vanishes) at the saturation field to transform above into the Kittel mode. By contrast the other spin-wave modes remain finite as a function of the applied field while their character is altered by level anti-crossing

Les déterminants des discours managériaux : application au cas des responsables qualité

Les normes qui se diffusent dans les organisations ont été souvent conçues par des ingénieurs et pour le secteur industriel. Il est intéressant de se demander de ce fait si les responsables qualité qui n'ont pas de formation à l'origine scientifique ou technique diffusent et mettent en place ces outils de contrôle organisationnel de façon similaire ou non aux responsables qualité ingénieurs ou techniciens. Nous avons étudié le discours de différents responsables qualité. La méthode de recherche utilisée s'est appuyée sur une analyse sémantique de celui-ci. Il apparaît que, s'il existe une distinction entre les discours de responsables qualité d'origine scientifique et ceux d'origine non scientifique, d'autres facteurs interviennent pour constituer un discours qui demeure en grande partie bien spécifique à chacun.contrôle organisationnel, responsable qualité, analyse de discours

CHOIX METHODOLOGIQUES EN SCIENCES DE GESTION : POURQUOI TANT DE CHIFFRES ?

Nous sommes partis d'un double constat, celui de l'augmentation du degré de formalisation mathématique des méthodes de recherche en sciences de gestion et celui de la place prédominante faite aux travaux formalisés dans les revues de la même discipline. Si le positionnement épistémologique explique une part des choix méthodologiques, l'analyse montre que certaines explications sont techniques et d'autres psychologiques. Les premières correspondent au développement de techniques formalisées pour traiter les données qualitatives et les secondes tiennent à la valeur symbolique des chiffres. Au final, les techniques quantitatives apportent un soutien au chercheur dans ses travaux et jouent le rôle d'objet-frontière dans la communauté scientifique en facilitant les échanges de connaissances.méthodologie, quantification, analyse de données, objet-frontière

Perceived Income Justice Depends on the Economy

At least half of all employees in Germany described their wages in all three survey years under consideration here - 2005, 2007, and 2009 - as just. Still, major changes occurred over this period in how people perceived their earnings. Data from the Socio- Economic Panel (SOEP) Study show that after an increase in income dissatisfaction in 2007, the percentage of the population who consider their income unjust has again decreased substantially in 2009 - at 30 percent - to 2005 levels. This suggests that in times of economic crisis, people are willing to lower their earnings expectations, while in times of economic growth - like the year 2007 - they expect to share in the benefits of increased prosperity. The analysis shows that it was mainly people in the low to medium income range and in particular skilled workers who perceived their net income as unjust, a perception that remained stable over time. This is partly due to the income taxes paid by these groups. In the upper income segment, in contrast, no negative effect of the income tax burden on perceived income justice is found. Finally, the results confirm previous studies indicating that even in a world in which everyone received the wages they subjectively perceived to be fair, income differences between men and women would still persist. Women's income expectations are significantly lower than men's - even within the individual occupational groups

The impact of within and between occupational inequalities on people's justice perceptions towards their own earnings

This paper investigates justice perceptions of employees towards their own earnings. Earnings are decomposed into three components: (1) In returns based on human capital endowments, (2) in returns based on individual residual differences and (3) in returns based on differences between occupations. The legitimacy of these earnings components is measured via the justice assessments of employees. Based on theoretical models from justice research and class theory it is hypothesized that earnings inequality resulting from human capital factors is evaluated as just, whereas residual inequality and occupational inequality are perceived as unjust. The hypotheses are tested by using data from a German longitudinal panel study (SOEP) of the years 2005 to 2011. These data allow studying changes of individual earnings and justice evaluations in a household panel over the time span of six years (with four biennial measurement points). The findings support our hypotheses indicating that losses or gains in earnings which are due to changes in human capital endowments do not affect justice perceptions of own earnings. Losses or gains stemming from changes of a person's earnings position within the occupational group or the position of a person's occupational group within the earnings hierarchy of a society, however, affect justice perceptions remarkably. Thus, we can show that justice evaluations of own earnings do not solely depend on compensation for individual investments but also on residual differences in earnings within and between occupational groups

Current perpendicular to plane Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) in laminated nanostructures

We theoretically studied spin dependent electron transport perpendicular-to-plain (CPP) in magnetic laminated multilayered structures by using Kubo formalism. We took into account not only bulk scattering, but the interface resistance due to both specular and diffuse reflection and also spin conserving and spin-flip processes. It was shown that spin-flip scattering at interfaces substantially reduces the value of GMR. This can explain the experimental observations that the CPP GMR ratio for laminated structures only slightly increases as compared to non-laminated ones despite lamination induces a significant increase in CPP resistance.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure