PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PEKERJA OUTSOURCING DI KOTA MEDAN BERDASARKAN UU No. 13 TAHUN 2003

Outsourcing is a work system, namely the existence of one company which provides certain work abilities to other companies where they need it. The State of Indonesia as a state of law makes a law to protect every implementation and the parties in this outsourcing work system, the Law is Law no. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower. The enactment of the Manpower Law has not been able to provide legal protection for parties in the outsourcing work system, especially for workers. This study aims to determine the form of outsourcing in Indonesia, determine the effect of the implementation of the Indonesian outsourcing work system and also find out the legal protection for outsourcing workers based on the Decision: No. 191/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2017/PN Mdn. The information sorting method is complemented by additional information sorting strategies, in particular by utilizing library information which is sourced from court decisions, laws and regulations, journals and mass media. The conclusion of this test, that re-evaluation is the right approach of the company in terms of business capabilities, but workers who do the work should not lose their rights which have been guaranteed by the relevant laws and guidelines. In terms of being identified with the situation of Decision No. 191/Pdt.Sus-PHI/2017/PN Mdn in accordance with the Manpower Law, it is the commitment of the management to terminate workers who are still working for a certain period of time to pay remuneration for the remainder of the agreement.&nbsp

The pursuit of fairness in assessment: Looking beyond the objective COMMENT

Health professions education has undergone significant changes over the last few decades, including the rise of competency-based medical education, a shift to authentic workplace-based assessments, and increased emphasis on programmes of assessment. Despite these changes, there is still a commonly held assumption that objectivity always leads to and is the only way to achieve fairness in assessment. However, there are well-documented limitations to using objectivity as the 'gold standard' to which assessments are judged. Fairness, on the other hand, is a fundamental quality of assessment and a principle that almost no one contests. Taking a step back and changing perspectives to focus on fairness in assessment may help re-set a traditional objective approach and identify an equal role for subjective human judgement in assessment alongside objective methods. This paper explores fairness as a fundamental quality of assessments. This approach legitimises human judgement and shared subjectivity in assessment decisions alongside objective methods. Widening the answer to the question: 'What is fair assessment' to include not only objectivity but also expert human judgement and shared subjectivity can add significant value in ensuring learners are better equipped to be the health professionals required of the 21st century

Cointroductions of Australian acacias and their rhizobial mutualists in the Southern Hemisphere

Aim Mutualisms are often disrupted for plants introduced to new ranges, yet many of these plants have managed to obtain effective mutualistic associations in their new ranges. There are two potential pathways for non-native plants to reassemble mutualisms: cointroduction (i.e. familiar associations with cointroduced mutualists) or ecological fitting (i.e. forming or adapting novel associations with resident native mutualists). We assessed the importance of each pathway for mutualist reassembly in four Australian Acacia species (A. baileyana, A. dealbata, A. decurrens and A. melanoxylon) and their associated nitrogen-fixing rhizobial symbionts in two non-native locations. Location Native ranges of acacias in south-eastern Australia and two non-native ranges in New Zealand and South Africa. Methods Rhizobia associated with each acacia species in each country were isolated and identified based on DNA sequencing of the housekeeping recA gene and the symbiotic nodA gene. Separate phylogenies were reconstructed for each gene region to infer biogeographic histories of acacia-associated rhizobia. Selected rhizobial strains for each acacia species by country combination were used as inocula in a glasshouse experiment and early growth kinetics and nitrogen fixation efficiency of acacia seedlings were compared between inoculum treatments to determine symbiotic effectiveness. Results All isolated rhizobial strains belonged to the genus Bradyrhizobium. Phylogenetic analyses revealed almost no country- or species-specific clusters of these strains for either gene region and indicated that most acacia-associated bradyrhizobia in New Zealand and South Africa were cointroduced from Australia. These results were supported by little variation in the growth performances of acacia seedlings, irrespective of inoculum treatment. Main conclusions This study revealed that cointroduction of Australian acacias and their rhizobia may be more prevalent than previously thought. Additionally, a single rhizobium cointroduction event may be sufficient to facilitate the establishment of effective mutualisms in numerous Acacia species, potentially leading to an invasion meltdown

Clinical and genetic differences between pustular psoriasis subtypes

The term pustular psoriasis indicates a group of severe skin disorders characterized by eruptions of neutrophil-filled pustules. The disease, which often manifests with concurrent psoriasis vulgaris, can have an acute systemic (generalized pustular psoriasis [GPP]) or chronic localized (palmoplantar pustulosis [PPP] and acrodermatitis continua of Hallopeau [ACH]) presentation. Although mutations have been uncovered in IL36RN and AP1S3, the rarity of the disease has hindered the study of genotype-phenotype correlations. We sought to characterize the clinical and genetic features of pustular psoriasis through the analysis of an extended patient cohort. We ascertained a data set of unprecedented size, including 863 unrelated patients (251 with GPP, 560 with PPP, 28 with ACH, and 24 with multiple diagnoses). We undertook mutation screening in 473 cases. Psoriasis vulgaris concurrence was lowest in PPP (15.8% vs 54.4% in GPP and 46.2% in ACH, P <.0005 for both), whereas the mean age of onset was earliest in GPP (31.0 vs 43.7 years in PPP and 51.8 years in ACH, P <.0001 for both). The percentage of female patients was greater in PPP (77.0%) than in GPP (62.5%; P = 5.8 × 10 ). The same applied to the prevalence of smokers (79.8% vs 28.3%, P < 10 ). Although AP1S3 alleles had similar frequency (0.03-0.05) across disease subtypes, IL36RN mutations were less common in patients with PPP (0.03) than in those with GPP (0.19) and ACH (0.16; P = 1.9 × 10 and.002, respectively). Importantly, IL36RN disease alleles had a dose-dependent effect on age of onset in all forms of pustular psoriasis (P =.003). The analysis of an unparalleled resource revealed key clinical and genetic differences between patients with PPP and those with GPP