The genus Holothele Karsch, 1879: the identity of the type species (Mygalomorphae, theraphosidae)

The genus Holothele Karsch, 1879 has a confusing taxonomic history, mainly due to a imprecise and outdated generic diagnosis, perpetuated since its original description. In this work, we propose a new diagnosis for the genus, redescribe the type species Holothele recta Karsch, 1879 and propose a few taxonomic changes. Holothele longipes is here considered as a senior synonym of Holothele recta Karsch, 1879, Stichoplastus sanguiniceps F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1898, Dryptopelmides rondoni Lucas & Bücherl, 1972, Dryptopelmides ludwigi Strand, 1907. We also provide updated geographic distribution records for Holothele longipes and propose the revalidation of Scopelobates Simon, 190

Prevalence of beta hemolytic Streptococcus in patients with acute pharyngoamigdalitis in a Chachapoyas, Amazonas hospital

Introducción: En Chachapoyas hay numerosos pacientes con faringoamigdalitis aguda y cuadros clínicos con las complicaciones no supurativas que causa el Streptococcus pyogenes. Diseño: Estudio transversal. Lugar: Hospital I Higos Urco, EsSalud, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, e Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Participantes: Pacientes con faringoamigdalitis aguda. Intervenciones: A 148 pacientes, seleccionados aleatoriamente, que acudieron al consultorio externo de otorrinolaringología por presentar cuadros clínicos compatibles con faringoamigdalitis aguda, se les tomó muestras de secreción faringoamigdaliana con hisopos y, usando el medio de transporte Amies con carbón (Difco), fueron enviados al Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión, en donde fueron procesados. Principales medidas de resultados: Presencia de Streptococcus beta hemolítico y otras bacterias cultivables. Resultados: Las enterobacterias fueron las más aisladas (49,1%) de los cultivos positivos. Solo 5 Streptococcus beta hemolíticos fueron aislados: un Streptococcus pyogenes, tres Streptococcus agalactiae y un Streptococcus del grupo G, los cuales fueron sensibles a los betalactámicos, macrólidos y lincosamidas. Conclusiones: Se sugiere realizar estudios complementarios con el dosaje de antiestreptolisina O.Introduction: There are numerous Chachapoyas patients with acute pharyngoamigdalitis and clinical non suppurative complications caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Design: Transversal study. Setting: Hospital I Higos Urco, EsSalud, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, and Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrion, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Participants: Patients with acute pharyngoamigdalitis. Interventions: One hundred and forty-eight randomized outpatient subjects attending an ear, nose and throat office for clinical symptoms compatible with acute pharyngoamigdalitis had a sample of pharynx and tonsils taken with a cotton swab and sent in Amies with carbon medium (Difco) to the Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrion to be processed. Main outcome measures: Presence of beta hemolytic Streptococcus and other bacteriae. Results: Positive cultures revealed mainly Enterobacteriae (49,1%). Only 5 beta hemolytic Streptococcus were isolated: one Streptococcus pyogenes, three Streptococcus agalactiae and one group G Streptococcus, all sensitive to betalactamics, macrolides and lincosamides. Conclusions: We suggest to do complementary studies with antiestreptolysin O determination

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset

Prevalencia de Streptococcus beta hemolítico en pacientes con faringoamigdalitis aguda, en un hospital de la ciudad de Chachapoyas, Amazonas

Introducción: En Chachapoyas hay numerosos pacientes con faringoamigdalitis aguda y cuadros clínicos con las complicaciones no supurativas que causa el Streptococcus pyogenes. Diseño: Estudio transversal. Lugar: Hospital I Higos Urco, EsSalud, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, e Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Participantes: Pacientes con faringoamigdalitis aguda. Intervenciones: A 148 pacientes, seleccionados aleatoriamente, que acudieron al consultorio externo de otorrinolaringología por presentar cuadros clínicos compatibles con faringoamigdalitis aguda, se les tomó muestras de secreción faringoamigdaliana con hisopos y, usando el medio de transporte Amies con carbón (Difco), fueron enviados al Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión, en donde fueron procesados. Principales medidas de resultados: Presencia de Streptococcus beta hemolítico y otras bacterias cultivables. Resultados: Las enterobacterias fueron las más aisladas (49,1%) de los cultivos positivos. Solo 5 Streptococcus beta hemolíticos fueron aislados: un Streptococcus pyogenes, tres Streptococcus agalactiae y un Streptococcus del grupo G, los cuales fueron sensibles a los betalactámicos, macrólidos y lincosamidas. Conclusiones: Se sugiere realizar estudios complementarios con el dosaje de antiestreptolisina O

Virological outcome among HIV infected patients transferred from pediatric care to adult units in Madrid, Spain (1997–2017)

The aim of this transversal study was to describe the virological and immunological features of HIV-infected youths transferred from pediatric to adult care units since 1997 vs. the non-transferred patients from the Madrid Cohort of HIV-infected children and adolescents in Spain. We included 106 non-transferred and 184 transferred patients under clinical follow-up in 17 public hospitals in Madrid by the end of December 2017. Virological and immunological outcomes were compared in transferred vs. non-transferred patients. ART drug resistance mutations and HIV-variants were analyzed in all subjects with available resistance pol genotypes and/or genotypic resistance profiles. Among the study cohort, 133 (72.3%) of 184 transferred and 75 (70.7%) of 106 non-transferred patients had available resistance genotypes. Most (88.9%) of transferred had ART experience at sampling. A third (33.3%) had had a triple-class experience. Acquired drug resistance (ADR) prevalence was significantly higher in pretreated transferred than non-transferred patients (71.8% vs. 44%; p = 0.0009), mainly to NRTI (72.8% vs. 31.1%; p < 0.0001) and PI (29.1% vs. 12%; p = 0.0262). HIV-1 non-B variants were less frequent in transferred vs. non-transferred (6.9% vs. 32%; p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the frequent resistant genotypes found in transferred youths justifies the reinforcement of HIV resistance monitoring after the transition to avoid future therapeutic failures

Biogeography of New World Tarantulas

Biogeography is a multidisciplinary field that is concerned with delimit- ing and explaining the geographic distributions of organisms in space and time. Due to their distribution patterns and interesting biology (e.g., ancient lineage with a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, sedentary lifestyle with limited dispersal capabili- ties), tarantulas are an appealing taxonomic group for addressing a variety of bio- geographic questions concerning the Earth’s history. In this chapter, we discuss some biogeographic basic concepts, delve into the distribution patterns of New World tarantulas, and explore some of the historical explanations that may have led to these distributions. We mostly review and highlight the results of recent studies but also include personal observations and unpublished data. The distributions of higher-level taxonomic groups (subfamilies and tribes) are described and we detail their latitudinal and elevational limits. We also review the distributions of groups with unique insular habitats such as those found on islands surrounded by seas, forested “islands” surrounded by “seas” of deserts, and caves. Furthermore, we dis- cuss the distribution of some unique morphological characters of taxonomic impor- tance such as urticating setae. Finally, we review a handful of studies that have explicitly investigated the biogeography of New World tarantulas using a variety of different analytical methods.Fil: Perafán, Carlos. Universidad de la República. Facultad de Ciencias; UruguayFil: Ferretti, Nelson Edgardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia. Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Hendrixson, Brent E.. Millsaps College. Department Of Biology; Estados Unido

Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data