Qualidade bacteriológica da água domiciliar e superficial na área insular do município de Belém

The ambient sanitation is one of the most important ways of prevention of illnesses, but unhappyly it is not a reality in all the sectors of the population, generating a preoccupying situation for the professionals of Public Health. Problematic relative to the health and the environment reveals particularly important for the brazilian north region, where people inhabit the edges of rivers and igarapés with lack or even though, infrastructure of sanitation absence, being displayed to possible risks of contamination. In this study, of expedition descriptive character, were used quali-quantitative methods, aiming at bacteriological diagnostics of the water consumed for the marginal inhabitants of the region of the islands, more specifically in the islands of Paulo da Cunha (Grande island) and Murutucu in the agricultural zone of the city of Belém-Pará. 96 water samples stored in the residences and 80 superficial water samples had been collected in ten points located surrounding area of the islands. It was evaluated the number of Termotolerants Coliforms and Standard Counting of Heterotrofics Bacteria in the water stored for consumption, as well as Termotolerants coliforms, fecals Estreptococos/Enterococos and bacterial enteropathogens in the superficial water. In the Grande island the results disclose concentrations that had varied of 25 to 3600, 15 to 420 and 15 to 420, for termotolerants Coliforms, fecals Estreptococos and Enterococos, respectively, in relation to the Murutucu island these values had varied of 540 to 2600, 44 to 680 and 44 to 448, respectively for the same pointers. The presence of Salmonella spp was observed in 27,5% in Grande island and 12.5% in the Murutucu island. It was verified that 58.7% and 66%, of the water samples of consumption in the islands Grande and Murutucu, had been respectively considered improper for consumption, with presence of termotolerants coliforms. In relation to heterotrofics bacteria, 41.3% in Grande island e 15% in the Murutucu island had 500 more than UFC/mL. Considering itself the results gotten in the present work verify that the water used in the agricultural zones can function as a factor of risk to the human health that use it.O saneamento ambiental é um dos mais importantes meios de prevenção de doenças, mas infelizmente não é uma realidade em todos os setores da população, gerando uma situação preocupante para os profissionais de Saúde Pública. A problemática relativa à saúde e meio ambiente mostra-se particularmente importante para a região norte do Brasil, onde pessoas habitam as margens de rios e igarapés com carência ou até mesmo, ausência de infra-estrutura de saneamento, estando expostas a possíveis riscos de contaminação. Neste estudo, de caráter descritivo exploratório, utilizou-se métodos quali-quantitativos, visando diagnóstico bacteriológico da água consumida pelos ribeirinhos habitantes da região insular, mais especificamente nas ilhas de Paulo da Cunha (Ilha Grande) e Murutucu na zona rural do município de Belém-Pa. Foram coletadas 96 amostras de água armazenada nas residências e 80 amostras de água superficial em dez pontos localizados ao entorno das ilhas. Foi avaliado o número de Coliformes termotolerantes e Contagem Padrão de Bactérias Heterotróficas na água armazenada para consumo, assim como Coliformes termotolerantes Estreptococos/Enterococos fecais e enteropatógenos bacterianos na água superficial. Na Ilha Grande os resultados revelam concentrações que variaram de 25 a 3600, 15 a 420 e 15 a 420, para coformes termotolerantes, Estreptococos e Enterococos fecais, respectivamente, em relação à ilha Murutucu estes valores variaram de 540 a 2600, 44 a 680 e 44 a 448, respectivamente para os mesmos indicadores. A presença de Salmonella spp foi observada em 27,5% na Ilha Grande e 12,5% na Ilha de Murutucu. Foi verificado que 58,7% e 66% das amostras de água de consumo nas Ilhas Grande e Murutucu, respectivamente foram consideradas impróprias para consumo, com presença de coliformes termotolerantes. Em relação a bactérias heterotróficas, 41,3% na Ilha Grande e 15% na Ilha de Murutucu possuíam mais de 500 UFC/ml. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho verificamos que a água utilizada nas zonas rurais pode funcionar como um fator de risco à saúde dos seres humanos que a utilizam

Virulence associated factors in bacteria from water bodies in Belem, Para, Brazil: bacteriological composition and threat to public health

Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Federal University of Pará. Belém, PA, Brazil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.A lack of sewage treatment contaminates water bodies threatening human health by spreading waterborne gastroenteritis. This is a particular problem for developing countries, where the risks associated with surface water contamination remain largely unknown. To understand the risk associated with sewage contamination of water bodies, we evaluated the microbiological indicators of water quality and isolated bacterial strains from water bodies from the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The strains were identified by biochemical and serological tests and polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). The thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli presented values above 1,000 (NMP/ 100 mL) biweekly from August 2012 to November 2015, without a significant statistical difference between sampling periods (Kruskal–Wallis p > 0.05). The water of the Tucunduba river presented contamination levels similar to those in a sewage pumping station (Dunn test p > 0.05). From 240 bacterial isolates, we identified 163 Vibrio cholerae, 8 Vibrio mimicus, 24 E. coli, and 5 Salmonella spp. The isolates of V. cholerae demonstrated N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) profile (Non-O1 and NonO139) and 18 expressed the stn/sto gene. No E. coli was shown to be potentially pathogenic. The results revealed that water bodies in Belém were constantly contaminated by sewage and fecal microorganisms, including the potential circulation of pathogens in viable and cultivable form

Floración de cianobacterias tóxicas en la orilla derecha del río Tapajós, en el Municipio de Santarém (Pará, Brasil)

Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências da Saúde. Faculdade de Farmácia. Belém, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Toxicologia. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil.A presença de florações de cianobactérias e seus subprodutos interfere diretamente na qualidade da água, podendo introduzir efeitos negativos, tanto de ordem estética, como de saúde pública, devido à produção de compostos potencialmente tóxicos e carcinogênicos. O tipo mais comum de intoxicação envolvendo cianobactérias é ocasionado por microcistina-LR (hepatotoxina), a qual pode causar severos danos ao fígado. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os gêneros causadores de uma floração de cianobactérias no rio Tapajós (Santarém, Pará, Brasil) no mês de março de 2007, bem como realizar bioensaios de toxicidade aguda, utilizando camundongos Swiss-webster. As amostragens foram realizadas em cinco pontos de coleta distribuídos na margem direita do rio Tapajós, onde foram realizados arrastos horizontais, com o auxílio de uma rede para plâncton de 20 µm; e foram também coletadas amostras de água bruta (5.000 mL) em garrafas de polipropileno do tipo âmbar. Para a identificação dos organismos utilizou-se microscopia ótica. A determinação de microcistinas-LR foi realizada por meio das técnicas de Ensaio Imunoadsorvente Enzima-Associado e Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão. As análises demonstraram que na altura dos pontos P01 e P02 ocorreu um desequilíbrio ecológico na comunidade fitoplanctônica, caracterizado pela proliferação intensa dos gêneros Anabaena e Microcystis. Nas amostras de água bruta, as concentrações de microcistina-LR registradas estão abaixo dos valores máximos permitidos na legislação brasileira para água de consumo; entretanto, é importante ressaltar que a floração, visualizada in locu, ocupava cerca de 10 cm da superfície da coluna d'água, e que, portanto, continha células de cianobactérias suficientes para provocar irritações cutâneas em pessoas que usassem o rio como balneário nesse período.The presence of cyanobacterial blooms and their subproducts interferes directly in water quality and may cause negative effects, both aesthetically and to public health, due to the production of potentially toxic and carcinogenic compounds. The most common type of intoxication involving cyanobacteria is caused by microcystin-LR (hepatotoxin), which can cause severe damage to the liver. The objective of this study was to identify the genera that caused cyanobacterial blooms in the Tapajós river (Santarém, Pará, Brazil) in March 2007, as well as to execute acute toxicity bioassays in Swiss-webster mice. Sample collection was performed at five sampling points throughout the left margin of the Tapajós river, by horizontal dragging with the aid of a 20 µm plankton net. Samples of raw water (5,000 ml) were also collected in amber propylene bottles. Optical microscopy was applied to identify the organisms, and the determination of microcystin-LR was executed through ELISA and HPLC. The analyses showed that, at P01 and P02, there was an ecological imbalance in the phytoplanktonic community, characterized by an intense proliferation of the genera Anabaena and Microcystis. The concentrations of microcystin-LR reported in the raw water samples were below the maximum values permitted by Brazil's legislation for drinking water. However, it is important to note that the blooming observed in loco occupied around 10 cm of the water column surface and therefore presented cyanobacterial cells enough to cause rashes in people who swam or bathed in the rivers during this period

Population and Genetic Study of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> from the Amazon Environment Confirms that the <i>WASA-1</i> Prophage Is the Main Marker of the Epidemic Strain that Circulated in the Region

<div><p><i>Vibrio cholerae</i> is a natural inhabitant of many aquatic environments in the world. Biotypes harboring similar virulence-related gene clusters are the causative agents of epidemic cholera, but the majority of strains are harmless to humans. Since 1971, environmental surveillance for potentially pathogenic <i>V. cholerae</i> has resulted in the isolation of many strains from the Brazilian Amazon aquatic ecosystem. Most of these strains are from the non-O1/non-O139 serogroups (NAGs), but toxigenic O1 strains were isolated during the Latin America cholera epidemic in the region (1991-1996). A collection of environmental <i>V. cholerae</i> strains from the Brazilian Amazon belonging to pre-epidemic (1977-1990), epidemic (1991-1996), and post-epidemic (1996-2007) periods in the region, was analyzed. The presence of genes related to virulence within the species and the genetic relationship among the strains were studied. These variables and the information available concerning the strains were used to build a Bayesian multivariate dependency model to distinguish the importance of each variable in determining the others. Some genes related to the epidemic strains were found in environmental NAGs during and after the epidemic. Significant diversity among the virulence-related gene content was observed among O1 strains isolated from the environment during the epidemic period, but not from clinical isolates, which were analyzed as controls. Despite this diversity, these strains exhibited similar PFGE profiles. PFGE profiles were significant while separating potentially epidemic clones from indigenous strains. No significant correlation with isolation source, place or period was observed. The presence of the <i>WASA-1</i> prophage significantly correlated with serogroups, PFGE profiles, and the presence of virulence-related genes. This study provides a broad characterization of the environmental <i>V. cholerae</i> population from the Amazon, and also highlights the importance of identifying precisely defined genetic markers such as the <i>WASA-1</i> prophage for the surveillance of cholera.</p> </div

Geographical distribution of <i>V. cholerae</i> isolates.

<p>The geographical location of rivers, streams, and wastewater plants from where the strains that were used in this study were isolated are indicated in the map. The sizes of markers indicate the number of strains in each location, markers are centered in the cities where the strains were isolated (see Table S1). Belem (yellow), Barcarena (light green), Maruda (pink), Macapá (dark green), Oiapoque (light blue), Manaus (red), Tabatinga (light blue), Rio Branco (purple), and Santa Rosa (orange). Quantities of strains isolated in each period are indicated in the bar graphs. </p

Distribution of genotypes among NAG strains.

<p>The presence or absence of virulence-related genes are represented, respectively, by blue and white squares. The histogram below each figure correspond to the frequency of each gene. The colors highlighting the strains’ keys correspond to the isolation sources. Strains highlighted pink were isolated from wastewater, blue from superficial water, green from superficial stream water, yellow from fish, and brown from copepods.</p

Dependency model of multivariate data from strains.

<p>Bayesian network representing conditional probabilities of variables that were available for the strains. Arcs are colored according to the impact in the posterior probability of the model when the arc is removed. The network represents the end result of the evaluation of 4.5 * 10⁷ different topologies, in which the last 1.4 * 10⁷ evaluations did not yield a better model. The network was constructed using the online B-Course software [42]. </p

O1 genotypes.

<p>The presence and absence of virulence-related genes are represented, respectively, by blue and white squares. The strains are grouped in colored bars according to their PFGE cluster (Fig. 4): from top to bottom are groups 1 (purple), 2 (red), 3 (blue), 9 (yellow), 6 (orange), and 8 (green). The colors highlighting the strain keys correspond to the isolation sources. Strains highlighted pink were isolated from wastewater, blue from superficial water, green from superficial stream water, and black from clinical sources.</p