Creation and diffusion of knowledge across creative industries in metropolitan areas : the cases of Mexico and Spain

The author thanks DGAPA of the National Autonomous University of Mexico for financial support (PASPA 2014-III and PAPIIT IN304214) to conduct this researchThis study proposes a spatial interaction model to analyze the level of creativity across Metro Areas (MAs) in a country. The model postulates that increasing creativity depends on the proportions of common knowledge and differential knowledge that MAs face when they interact with each other. We rely on an agent-based approach that allows incorporating GIS and spatial interaction between MAs under local and global network conditions. We chose the cases of Mexico and Spain to get a first glance of how the model works with real data. We find that the MAs of Spain (2001) and Mexico (2003) share the same level of common and differential knowledge in the creative industries and, that knowledge spillovers spread better under inter metropolitan conditions of interaction instead of intra ones. The simulations suggest that Spain is better suited to produce higher knowledge externalities under conditions that are not restricted by physical distance, which make policy intervention in Spain more effective to diffuse creative ideasEste trabajo propone un modelo de interacción espacial entre zonas metropolitanas (ZMs) para analizar el nivel de creatividad en un país. El modelo postula que la producción de creatividad depende del balance entre el conocimiento común y el diferenciado que ZMs enfrentan cuando están en disposición de interactuar. La investigación utiliza un enfoque de modelos basados en agentes que incorpora SIGs e interdependencia espacial de ZMs bajo condiciones de interacción global y local. Para tener una primera aproximación de cómo funciona el modelo con datos reales, se decidieron estudiar las zonas metropolitanas de España (2001) y México (2003). Los resultados arrojan que las ZMs de España y México comportan el mismo nivel de conocimiento común y diferenciado, y que las derramas de conocimiento son mayores a nivel de interacción inter-metropolitana que intrametropolitana. Las simulaciones también indican que España está en mejores condiciones para producir más externalidades de conocimiento bajo condiciones de intervención pública que no está restringida por la distancia físic

Creation and diffusion of knowledge across creative industries in metropolitan areas : the cases of Mexico and Spain

The author thanks DGAPA of the National Autonomous University of Mexico for financial support (PASPA 2014-III and PAPIIT IN304214) to conduct this researchThis study proposes a spatial interaction model to analyze the level of creativity across Metro Areas (MAs) in a country. The model postulates that increasing creativity depends on the proportions of common knowledge and differential knowledge that MAs face when they interact with each other. We rely on an agent-based approach that allows incorporating GIS and spatial interaction between MAs under local and global network conditions. We chose the cases of Mexico and Spain to get a first glance of how the model works with real data. We find that the MAs of Spain (2001) and Mexico (2003) share the same level of common and differential knowledge in the creative industries and, that knowledge spillovers spread better under inter metropolitan conditions of interaction instead of intra ones. The simulations suggest that Spain is better suited to produce higher knowledge externalities under conditions that are not restricted by physical distance, which make policy intervention in Spain more effective to diffuse creative ideasEste trabajo propone un modelo de interacción espacial entre zonas metropolitanas (ZMs) para analizar el nivel de creatividad en un país. El modelo postula que la producción de creatividad depende del balance entre el conocimiento común y el diferenciado que ZMs enfrentan cuando están en disposición de interactuar. La investigación utiliza un enfoque de modelos basados en agentes que incorpora SIGs e interdependencia espacial de ZMs bajo condiciones de interacción global y local. Para tener una primera aproximación de cómo funciona el modelo con datos reales, se decidieron estudiar las zonas metropolitanas de España (2001) y México (2003). Los resultados arrojan que las ZMs de España y México comportan el mismo nivel de conocimiento común y diferenciado, y que las derramas de conocimiento son mayores a nivel de interacción inter-metropolitana que intrametropolitana. Las simulaciones también indican que España está en mejores condiciones para producir más externalidades de conocimiento bajo condiciones de intervención pública que no está restringida por la distancia físic

Regional inequality in Mexico’s central region. An exploratory spatial analysis of the productivity at the municipal level during 1988-2003

Este ensayo estudia la productividad laboral de la Región Centro de México en el nivel municipal utilizando una serie de técnicas no paramétricas y espaciales de uso recurrente en la literatura de la economía espacial. En particular, se mide la autocorrelación espacial de la productividad laboral y se adoptan enfoques espaciales para estudiar los cambios intradistribucionales de la productividad. Los resultados empíricos indican que la productividad de los municipios de la Región Centro muestra marcadas disparidades locales y dependencia espacial. Al definir las subregiones por medio de la autocorrelación espacial de la productividad, se encuentra que la Región Centro de México ha mantenido desde la apertura comercial una notable polarización económica entre regiones ricas (zona metropolitana de la ciudad de México) y pobres (sur del Puebla), pero también ha experimentado el surgimiento de nuevas regiones, como la del corredor Puebla-Tlaxcala-Apizaco y el valle de Toluca. Otros estudios han detectado una reorganización territorial de la Región Centro a partir de la apertura comercial, a la que se le asocia un proceso de “desindustrialización” de la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, así como una dinámica de consolidación de nuevas subregiones metropolitanas en la Región Centro. Con base en los resultados de este trabajo, se concluye que la reorganización territorial que ha experimentado la Región Centro, independientemente de sus causas, mantiene un importante componente de dependencia espacial y desigualdad regional de la productividad laboral de los municipios que forman la región.This essay employs nonparametric and spatial techniques commonly used in the Spatial Economics literature to study the labor productivity of the central region of Mexico at the municipio (county) level. In particular, we measure the spatial autocorrelation of the labor productivity and use a spatial approach to study the intra-distributional changes of the productivity. The results show that the labor productivity reveals strong local disparities and spatial dependency across municipios. When subregions are defined by the spatial autocorrelation of labor productivity, it is found that the central region of Mexico has maintained a strong polarization between rich (the metropolitan area of Mexico City) and poor regions (south of Puebla). It is also found that new regions such as the new dynamic corridor Puebla-Tlaxcala-Apizaco and Toluca’s valley have emerged. The spatial results of this essay can be related to the findings of other regional studies that detect a spatial refunctionalization of the manufacture activities, migration flows and sub-metropolitan regions in the central region of Mexico since the beginning of the liberalization process. This essay concludes that the recent territorial changes of the region, independently of their causes, have kept labor productivity with strong spatial dependency and regional inequality

Spatial Interaction Regional Model for the Mexican Economy (SIRMME): A Special Case for Mexico City Metropolitan Area

This paper analyzes empirically a macro model and a regional model to explain Mexico and Mexico City economies respectively. Typically, regional economic modeling considers either a top-down or bottom-up approach to model regional difference in economic growth. This paper shows results that explain regional difference in Mexico from the bottom-up through a special case that focuses on the spatial interaction between Mexico City -the main economic engine of Mexico- and the rest of the country during the period 2000-2010. Our results indicate that variables associated with human capital, internal migration, "creative class", micro-firms and spatial interaction among micro-regions were conditioning the differential growth between Mexico City and the whole country during the period 2000-2010. Likewise, we present econometric results of a typical macro model that explains economic growth in Mexico by different income effects on components of aggregate demand during the period 1993-2010. The purpose of both exercises is to motivate future research for the Mexican case to link macro components (such as export driven forces, Mexico´s dependency to the USA´s business cycle, loss of government spending, etc.) with their local counterparts such as agglomeration economies, human and creative capital stock, regional spillovers, natural resources, dynamic population, etc. to explain regional differential growth

Serie Análisis regional, Volumen 6: Análisis espacial de las remesas, migración de retorno y crecimiento regional en México (Reseña)

La Serie editorial Análisis Regional (AR) surge con el propósito de publicar estudios originales y rigurosos que, provenientes de distintos filiaciones teóricas y ámbitos académicos, puedan enriquecer el estado del arte de la economía espacial y las ciencias regionales; así mismo, se platea publicar productos de investigación aplicada que contribuyan a la solución de la compleja problemática del desarrollo regional y urbano del país. A la fecha, la Serie AR cuenta con ocho volúmenes publicados, y cuatro más integran el Programa editorial de este año, con lo cual se completaran en 2015 nuestros primeros 12 libros. Durante el 20º Encuentro Nacional sobre Desarrollo Regional en México AMECIDER 2015 se presentarán el Volumen 5 (Técnicas Modernas de Análisis Regional) y Volumen 6 (Análisis espacial de las remesas, migración de retorno y crecimiento regional en México)

The evolution of the ventilatory ratio is a prognostic factor in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS patients

Background: Mortality due to COVID-19 is high, especially in patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between mortality and variables measured during the first three days of mechanical ventilation in patients with COVID-19 intubated at ICU admission. Methods: Multicenter, observational, cohort study includes consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to 44 Spanish ICUs between February 25 and July 31, 2020, who required intubation at ICU admission and mechanical ventilation for more than three days. We collected demographic and clinical data prior to admission; information about clinical evolution at days 1 and 3 of mechanical ventilation; and outcomes. Results: Of the 2,095 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU, 1,118 (53.3%) were intubated at day 1 and remained under mechanical ventilation at day three. From days 1 to 3, PaO2/FiO2 increased from 115.6 [80.0-171.2] to 180.0 [135.4-227.9] mmHg and the ventilatory ratio from 1.73 [1.33-2.25] to 1.96 [1.61-2.40]. In-hospital mortality was 38.7%. A higher increase between ICU admission and day 3 in the ventilatory ratio (OR 1.04 [CI 1.01-1.07], p = 0.030) and creatinine levels (OR 1.05 [CI 1.01-1.09], p = 0.005) and a lower increase in platelet counts (OR 0.96 [CI 0.93-1.00], p = 0.037) were independently associated with a higher risk of death. No association between mortality and the PaO2/FiO2 variation was observed (OR 0.99 [CI 0.95 to 1.02], p = 0.47). Conclusions: Higher ventilatory ratio and its increase at day 3 is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving mechanical ventilation at ICU admission. No association was found in the PaO2/FiO2 variation

Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be classified into sub-phenotypes according to different inflammatory/clinical status. Prognostic enrichment was achieved by grouping patients into hypoinflammatory or hyperinflammatory sub-phenotypes, even though the time of analysis may change the classification according to treatment response or disease evolution. We aimed to evaluate when patients can be clustered in more than 1 group, and how they may change the clustering of patients using data of baseline or day 3, and the prognosis of patients according to their evolution by changing or not the cluster.Methods Multicenter, observational prospective, and retrospective study of patients admitted due to ARDS related to COVID-19 infection in Spain. Patients were grouped according to a clustering mixed-type data algorithm (k-prototypes) using continuous and categorical readily available variables at baseline and day 3.Results Of 6205 patients, 3743 (60%) were included in the study. According to silhouette analysis, patients were grouped in two clusters. At baseline, 1402 (37%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2341(63%) in cluster 2. On day 3, 1557(42%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2086 (57%) in cluster 2. The patients included in cluster 2 were older and more frequently hypertensive and had a higher prevalence of shock, organ dysfunction, inflammatory biomarkers, and worst respiratory indexes at both time points. The 90-day mortality was higher in cluster 2 at both clustering processes (43.8% [n = 1025] versus 27.3% [n = 383] at baseline, and 49% [n = 1023] versus 20.6% [n = 321] on day 3). Four hundred and fifty-eight (33%) patients clustered in the first group were clustered in the second group on day 3. In contrast, 638 (27%) patients clustered in the second group were clustered in the first group on day 3.Conclusions During the first days, patients can be clustered into two groups and the process of clustering patients may change as they continue to evolve. This means that despite a vast majority of patients remaining in the same cluster, a minority reaching 33% of patients analyzed may be re-categorized into different clusters based on their progress. Such changes can significantly impact their prognosis

Desigualdad regional en el centro de México. Una exploración espacial de la productividad en el nivel municipal durante el período 1988-2003

Este ensayo estudia la productividad laboral de la Región Centro de México en el nivel municipal utilizando una serie de técnicas no paramétricas y espaciales de uso recurrente en la literatura de la economía espacial. En particular, se mide la autocorrelación espacial de la productividad laboral y se adoptan enfoques espaciales para estudiar los cambios intradistribucionales de la productividad. Los resultados empíricos indican que la productividad de los municipios de la Región Centro muestra marcadas disparidades locales y dependencia espacial. Al definir las subregiones por medio de la autocorrelación espacial de la productividad, se encuentra que la Región Centro de México ha mantenido desde la apertura comercial una notable polarización económica entre regiones ricas (zona metropolitana de la ciudad de México) y pobres (sur del Puebla), pero también ha experimentado el surgimiento de nuevas regiones, como la del corredor Puebla-Tlaxcala-Apizaco y el valle de Toluca. Otros estudios han detectado una reorganización territorial de la Región Centro a partir de la apertura comercial, a la que se le asocia un proceso de "desindustrialización" de la zona metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, así como una dinámica de consolidación de nuevas subregiones metropolitanas en la Región Centro. Con base en los resultados de este trabajo, se concluye que la reorganización territorial que ha experimentado la Región Centro, independientemente de sus causas, mantiene un importante componente de dependencia espacial y desigualdad regional de la productividad laboral de los municipios que forman la región