Reflexiones para un cambio de paradigma entre ser humano y medio a través de la educación socioambiental

Socio-environmental education completes participatory and decisive training for people, in which the search for possible alternatives to current environmental conflicts prevails. Environmental education is the axis on which social change and education must be based today. This is where the importance of educating based on environmental problems lies, since they are situations that make us reflect and put us in contact with complex systems and realities that offer us the opportunity to exercise, participate and learn about this reality. Therefore, eco-citizenship challenges citizens to cultivate a new social paradigm that looks at the complexity of our role within societies, in a critical way, with our own actions and their possible repercussions. For this, socio-environmental education becomes a fundamental and indispensable tool to contribute to making our societies increasingly humane, sustainable, responsible and democratic.La educación socioambiental completa formación participativa y resolutiva de personas, en la que prima la búsqueda de posibles alternativas a los actuales conflictos ambientales. La educación ambiental es el eje en el que hoy debe apoyarse el cambio social y la educación. Es aquí donde radica la importancia de educar a partir de problemas ambientales, ya que son situaciones que nos hacen reflexionar y nos ponen en contacto con sistemas y realidades complejas que nos ofrecen la oportunidad de ejercitar, participar y aprender sobre esta realidad. Por ello, la ecociudadanía desafía a los ciudadanos para cultivar un nuevo paradigma social que mire la complejidad en nuestro papel dentro de las sociedades, de una forma crítica, con nuestras propias acciones y sus posibles repercusiones. Para ello, la educación socioambiental se convierte en una herramienta fundamental e indispensable para contribuir a hacer nuestras sociedades cada vez más humanas, sustentables, responsables y democráticas

Iniciativas de la comunidad en La Habana, Cuba, para la autogestión del agua desde una perspectiva social

For now, suffice it to say that the idea of ​​thinking about water from a social perspective is an initiative led in Latin America, specifically in the Jesús María neighborhood, in Old Havana, Cuba. Cuban society has a lot of community organizational structure as well as at the individual level. We highlight, therefore, the involvement of women, personally, in the task of managing and using water to stop the socialization process in relation to bad habits in the use of water in families. Starting with a participatory and inclusive approach, the protagonists are the women and men who are part of the contexts and territories in which this experience was developed, with a commitment from the four citizens. The role of southern universities, such as the University of Old Havana, the University of Seville and the University of Cádiz, with the strengthening of local structures, as in the case of this experience, made it possible to carry out the Integral Transformation Workshop from Barrio de Jesús María, generating self-management processes, where the community was involved in the identification, execution and maintenance of local initiatives satisfying their interests and priorities.Por lo pronto, bástenos decir que la idea de pensar en el agua desde una perspectiva social es una iniciativa liderada en Latinoamérica, concretamente en el barrio de Jesús María, en la Habana vieja, Cuba. La sociedad cubana posee mucha estructura organizativa comunitaria así como a nivel individual. Destacamos por ello, la implicación de la mujer, de manera personal en la tarea de la gestión y uso del agua para frenar el proceso de socialización en relación a malos hábitos en el uso del agua en las familias. Partiendo un enfoque participativo e inclusivo, los protagonistas son las mujeres y hombres que forman parte de los contextos y territorios en los que se desarrolló esta experiencia, con un compromiso de las cuatro ciudadanías. El papel de las universidades de sur, como es la Universidad de la Habana Vieja, la Universidad de Sevilla y la Universidad de Cádiz, con el fortalecimiento de estructuras locales, como en el caso de esta experiencia, hizo posible realizar el Taller de Transformación Integral de Barrio de Jesús María, generando procesos de autogestión, donde se involucró a la comunidad en la identificación, ejecución y mantenimiento de iniciativas locales satisfaciendo sus intereses y prioridades

Influence of cooking (microwaving and broiling) on cylindrospermopsin concentration in muscle of nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) and characterization of decomposition products

Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has become increasingly important as a freshwater algal toxin, showing cytotoxic effects. This toxin is able to bioaccumulate in freshwater food webs, representing a serious human health problem. Normally, fish is cooked before consumption, and CYN concentration can be altered. For the first time, the effects of microwaving and broiling for 1 and 2 min on CYN concentration and its decomposition products in fish muscle (Oreochromis niloticus) contaminated in the laboratory were investigated, using UPLC-MS/MS and Orbitrap. The results show that cooking the fish reduced unconjugated CYN levels by 11, 10 and 15% after microwaving for 1 and 2 min, and broiling for 2 min, respectively, compared to control fish. Different CYN decomposition products with m/z 416.1234 (7-epi-CYN) and m/z 336.16663 (diasteroisomers C-3A, C-3C, C-3D, C-3E, C-3F) are generated in fish samples submitted to cooking. Based on the relative abundance of the decomposition products, the possible degradation pathways taking place by microwaving may be through the formation of 7-epi-CYN and m/z 336.16663 compounds, whereas in the case of broiling the last route is the only one observed in this study. The influence of cooking and the toxicity characterization of the degradation products generated in CYN-contaminated fish are of importance for more realistic risk evaluation related to their consumption

Changes on cylindrospermopsin concentration and characterization of decomposition products in fish muscle (Oreochromis niloticus) by boiling and steaming

The occurrence of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in toxic blooms of cyanobacteria is increasing in both frequency and distribution over the world. CYN persistence in water potentiates its accumulation in a wide range of aquatic animals destined to human consumption representing a serious problem. The aim of this work was to study for the first time the influence of cooking (boiling and steaming) for 1 or 2 min, on the stability of CYN in muscle of fish (Oreochromis niloticus) contaminated under laboratory conditions, also analyzing the waters in which samples were cooked. CYN was extracted and quantification was carried out by a developed and validated UPLC-MS/MS method. The results show that concentrations of CYN in fish are dependent on the cooking method, being the steaming for 2 min the most effective in reducing CYN levels (26%), followed by boiling for 2 min (18%), and significant differences have been found between the two periods assayed (1 min vs. 2 min). CYN was also detected in waters in which fish muscles were cooked in the range 0.10–0.28 μg/L. Moreover, characteristic decomposition products depending on the type of cooking were detected for the first time among the results of these treatments. The present findings emphasize the need for further studies to evaluate the influence of cooking in the presence of CYN in fish for a more realistic risk evaluation for the human health.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AGL2015-64558-R, MINECO/FEDER, UE

Bioaccessibility and decomposition of cylindrospermopsin in vegetablesmatrices after the application of anin vitrodigestion model

Research on the human exposure to Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) via consumption of contaminated food is of great interest for risk assessment purposes. The aim of this work is to evaluate for the first time the CYN bioaccessibility in contaminated vegetables (uncooked lettuce and spinach, and boiled spinach) after an in vitro digestion model, including the salivar, gastric and duodenal phases and, colonic fermentation under lactic acid bacteria. The results obtained showed that the digestion processes are able to diminish CYN levels, mainly in the colonic phase, especially in combination with the boiling treatment, decreasing CYN levels in a significant way. Moreover, the potential decomposition products in a pure CYN solution and in CYN-contaminated vegetables were evaluated using UHPLC-MS/MS Orbitrap. Under the conditions assayed, only two diastereoisomers of the same fragment with m/z 292.09617 have been detected in all the analysed samples, with the exception of digested vegetables. Therefore, in terms of risk assessment, the digestion seems to play an important role in reducing the final bioaccesibility of CYN, and the consumption of cooked vegetables (spinach) would be safer in comparison to raw vegetables.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (AGL2015-64558-R, MINECO/FEDER, UE

Untargeted MS-Based Metabolomics Analysis of the Responses to Drought Stress in Quercus ilex L. Leaf Seedlings and the Identification of Putative Compounds Related to Tolerance

The effect and responses to drought stress were analyzed in Quercus ilex L. seedlings using a nontargeted metabolomic approach, implementing the approaches of previous studies in which other -omics platforms, transcriptomics, and proteomics were employed. This work aimed to characterize the Q. ilex leaf metabolome, determining possible mechanisms and molecular markers of drought tolerance and identifying putative bioactive compounds. Six-month-old seedling leaves subjected to drought stress imposed by water withholding under high-temperature and irradiance conditions were collected when leaf fluorescence decreased by 20% (day 17) and 45% (day 24) relative to irrigated seedlings. A total of 3934 compounds were resolved, with 616 being variable and 342 identified, which belonged to five chemical families. Out of the identified compounds, 33 were variable, mostly corresponding to amino acids, carboxylic acids, benzenoids, flavonoids and isoprenoids. Epigallocatechin, ellagic acid, pulegone, indole-3-acrylic acid and dihydrozeatin-O-glucoside were up-accumulated under drought conditions at both sampling times. An integrated multi-omics analysis of phenolic compounds and related enzymes was performed, revealing that some enzymes involved in the flavonoid pathways (chalcone synthase, anthocyanidin synthase and anthocyanidin reductase) were up-accumulated at day 24 in non-irrigated seedlings. Some putative markers of tolerance to drought in Q. ilex are proposed for assisting breeding programs based on the selection of elite genotypes

La democracia participativa: de los presupuestos a los supuestos participativos en la ciudad de Sevilla

Es mucho suponer que los Presupuestos Participativos de Sevilla incorporen todos los supuestos participativos, aunque si nos dan la oportunidad de experimentar otros modos de construir ciudadanía, desde nosotr@s mism@s, donde estamos invitadas las cuatro ciudadanías (la asociada, la no asociada, la técnica y la política). Sin embargo quedarían sin tener la repercusión social y estructural deseada si no consiguiésemos democratizar las estructuras económicas, culturales, ambientales, educativas y políticas, y esta oportunidad nos la brindan unos invitados de lujo, que con sus nuevos modos de ser, estar y hacer nos posibilitan encarar este nuevo reto que es la democracia participativa, por lo menos con el reconocimiento del estatutos de ciudadan@ de todos y todas las personas que convivimos en la comunidad de nuestro centro educativo, la calle, la plaza, el barrio, el distrito o la ciudad. Ell@s los grandes ausentes de todos y cada uno de los procesos participativos en nuestra ciudad, nos enseñan que la participación puede ser de otra manera, y que debe hacerse y cocinarse con otros ingredientes, l@s niñ@s, chavales/as y jóvenes protagonizan el gran cambio en los presupuestos participativos de Sevilla

Influence of Cooking (Microwaving and Broiling) on Cylindrospermopsin Concentration in Muscle of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Characterization of Decomposition Products

Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) has become increasingly important as a freshwater algal toxin, showing cytotoxic effects. This toxin is able to bioaccumulate in freshwater food webs, representing a serious human health problem. Normally, fish is cooked before consumption, and CYN concentration can be altered. For the first time, the effects of microwaving and broiling for 1 and 2 min on CYN concentration and its decomposition products in fish muscle (Oreochromis niloticus) contaminated in the laboratory were investigated, using UPLC-MS/MS and Orbitrap. The results show that cooking the fish reduced unconjugated CYN levels by 11, 10 and 15% after microwaving for 1 and 2 min, and broiling for 2 min, respectively, compared to control fish. Different CYN decomposition products with m/z 416.1234 (7-epi-CYN) and m/z 336.16663 (diasteroisomers C-3A, C-3C, C-3D, C-3E, C-3F) are generated in fish samples submitted to cooking. Based on the relative abundance of the decomposition products, the possible degradation pathways taking place by microwaving may be through the formation of 7-epi-CYN and m/z 336.16663 compounds, whereas in the case of broiling the last route is the only one observed in this study. The influence of cooking and the toxicity characterization of the degradation products generated in CYN-contaminated fish are of importance for more realistic risk evaluation related to their consumption