Avaliação da remediação de efluentes de uma indústria têxtil utilizando bioindicadores e biomarcadores

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia

Atividade antitumoral de extratos de Piper nigrun Linnaeus cultivar Bragantina (Piperaceae)

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, 2016.A relevância etnofarmacológica de Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) (pimenta preta) se revela nas preparações herbais da medicina tradicional usadas para tratamento inflamação, febre, asma e câncer. No Brasil, o conhecimento tradicional quilombola atribui à pimenta preta efeitos benéficos sobre a saúde incluindo redução de inflamação. Nesta pesquisa buscou-se validar tal uso tradicional através de estudos fitoquímicos e bioquímicos realizados após tratamentos com extrato etanólico (ET) e supercríticos (ESC) produzidos com pimenta preta (Piper nigrum L. cultivar Bragantina). Estes extratos foram considerados como melhor tecnologia disponível para extrair metabólitos secundários. O extrato etanólico (ET) foi obtido por maceração (72 h) com rendimento de 6,40 ± 0,03 %. Os extratos supercríticos foram produzidos com dióxido de carbono supercrítico mantido na pressão de 150 bar (ESC150); de 200 bar (ESC200 ou ESC200+EtOH com etanol como cossolvente; 7,5 %) ou de 300 bar (ESC300). Cromatografia de camada delgada revelou piperina, pepirilina e retrofractamida C nos extratos. Após a purificação das bandas foram confirmados fragmentos de massa destas alcamidas (Espectrometria de massas por eletronebulização). Análise por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência mostrou que o extrato ESC200 teve maior conteúdo de piperina (60,3 ± 0,1 %) comparativamente ao ET (32,12 ± 0,11 %). Análise por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrômetro de massa revelou em ESC200 a presença de sesquiterpenos majoritários ß-cariofileno, a-humuleno e ß-copaeno. Enquanto que ET apresentou principalmente ß-cariofileno, a-copaeno e ß-bisaboleno. Todos extratos foram ativos in vitro contra células de tumor de mama (MCF-7; 24 ou 72 h), mas ESC200 foi mais citotóxico (1 ? 100 µg/ml; CE50=14,4 ± 3,3 µg/ml; 72 h), inibindo de maneira dose-dependente a proliferação clonogênica (MCF-7) após tratamento com ESC200 (20 ou 40 µg/ml; 24 h) causando maior diminuição da área das colônias. Houve considerável aumento na geração intracelular de EROS após tratamento com o extrato ET. Observou-se intercalação e danos oxidativos ao CT DNA causados por compostos presentes nos extratos. ESC200 (20 µg/ml) causou mais danos oxidativos comparativamente ao ET (pAbstract : Ethnopharmacological relevance of Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) could be revealed through herbal formulations used to inflammation, fever, asthma and cancer. Brazilian quilombola traditional knowledge links black pepper with health recovery and inflammation reduction. The aim of the current work was to validate such traditional uses through phytochemical and biochemical studies after treatments done with ethanolic extract (ET) and supercritical extracts (SFE). Extracts were produced with black pepper (Piper nigrum L. cultivar Bragantina). Both were the best available postharvest technology to extract secondary metabolites. ET (ethanolic maceration; 72 h) had highest yield (6.40 ± 0.03 %). Supercritical carbon dioxide delivered at same temperature (40 oC) and at increased pressure allowed to produce extracts at 150 bar (SFE150); at 200 bar (SFE200 or SFE200+EtOH done with ethanol as co-enhancer; 7.5 %) and 300 bar (SFE300). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed piperine, piperyline and retrofractamide C in the extracts. Further purification of TLC bands allowed confirming alkamide key mass spectra fragments (Electro Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry). HPLC analysis showed SFE200 higher content of piperine (60.3 ± 0.1 %) comparatively to ET (32.12 ± 0.11 %). SFE200 GC/MS analysis showed sesquiterpenes caryophyllene, alpha-humulene and ß-copaene. While ET had caryophyllene and germacrene D. All extracts were cytotoxic against breast cancer cells (MCF-7; 24 or 72 h), but SFE200 was more cytotoxic (1 ? 1000 µg/ml; EC50=14.4 ± 3.3; 72 h), and inhibited dose-dependently MCF-7 cells clonogenic proliferation with area reduction (SFE200; 20 or 40 µg/ml, 24 h) (p<0.001). All treatments enhanced considerably intracellular ROS generation. Extracts compounds were capable to intercalate and cause CT DNA oxidative damage. SFE200 mainly at 20 µg/ml caused significant CT DNA oxidative damage comparatively to ET (p<0.001). Treatment (24 h) with higher ET concentrations (1000 and 2000 µg/ml) caused plasmid DNA fragmentation with double strand brakes. First part of this thesis (Part I) showed in vivo studies done with Balb mice (male, n=12) bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EAC) treated intraperitoneally with ET (100 mg/kg/day; 9 days). ET induced inhibition of tumor growth (60 %) and improved mice survival (76 %). Also increased apoptotic EAC cells correlated with increased expression of Bax and p53 and decreased of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL. Additionally, ET (100 mg/kg/day) caused EAC cells cycle arrest at GI with reduction in S related to decreased expression cyclin A. EAC cells oxidative stress status was increased by treatment (ET, 100 mg/kg/day) augmenting the activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase, followed by GSH depletion and increased levels of lipoperoxidation and protein carbonylation. These findings suggests ET (100 mg/kg/day) antitumor activity could be partially due to increased ROS generation and cytotoxic pro-oxidant conditions in tumor cells. Comparative in vivo studies done at Part II showed mice (Balb/c; male; n=16) treated intraperitoneally with ET or SFE (200 bar) at 10 or 20 mg/kg/day (9 days). Mice treatment with ET or ESC 200 bar (10 mg/kg/day) caused EAC cells growth inhibition (40 and 76 %, respectively) and increased mice survivor time by 56 e 67 %, respectively. EAC cells cycle was arrested at G1 for treatment with ET and at G2/M for ESC (200 bar). Both treatments increased EAC cells death through apoptosis but ESC (200 bar) was more significant (p<0.001). ESC (200 bar; 40 oC; 240 min) was the best available technology to the extraction of alkamides and terpenoids. Moreover, synergism between extracted phytocompounds probably promoted antiproliferative and anti-tumor activities observed in vitro and in vivo

Bacterioplankton Activity in a Meso-eutrophic Subtropical Coastal Lagoon

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the bacterioplankton activity in the meso-eutrophic Conceição Lagoon would increase significantly under allochthonous inputs of inorganic nutrients and organic carbon. Abundance and biomass of bacterioplankton were evaluated under three treatments: light (14 h light/10 h dark), complete darkness (dark-control), and nutrient (C + N + P—dark, 100 : 10 : 1) enrichments during 72 h. Nutrient enrichments promoted a significant increase in abundance (maximum of 19.0 ×109 cells·L−1 in the first 32 hours) and biomass of the heterotrophic bacterioplankton, which induced the formation of large clusters. Bacterial biomass remained constant in the non-enriched incubations (dark-control and light). Bacterial growth rates were significantly higher after nutrient additions (1.35 d−1), followed by control (0.79 d−1), and light (0.63 d−1) treatments, which were statistically equal (p>0.05). Bacterial production rates were also significantly higher under nutrient additions (1.28 d−1), compared to the control and light (0.50 d−1 and 0.44 d−1, respectively), demonstrating that bacterial growth and production in this meso-eutrophic lagoon are under an immediate “bottom-up” regulation, followed by a potential top-down effect. These facts reinforce the urgency on improving the local wastewater management plan in order to prevent further expansion of anoxic waters