10 research outputs found

    Fibre Analysis of Late Iron Age, Early Medieval and Modern Finnish Wools

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    Värit ja värjäysmenetelmät Suomessa rautakauden lopulla

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    This dissertation is about Late Iron Age (AD 800 – 1055/1300) woollen, visually colourful textile fragments. The aim is to identify the dyeing methods used in Finland during the Late Iron Age and to find the locally used dyestuffs. This dissertation focuses on the archaeological samples from inhumation burials and shipwrecks, which were analysed with visual analysis and microscopy observation. The reference material includes woollen yarns dyed with Finnish traditionally known dye sources. The archaeological samples and the dyed references were analysed chromatographically at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE) and at the Royal Institute for Cultural Heritage (KIK-IRPA) in Belgium by HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) and UHPLC (Ultra High performance liquid chromatography). Mordants were analysed at the Nanomicroscopy Center of Aalto University in Finland by SEM-EDX (Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). Experimental archaeology was used to reconstruct the actual dyeing methods of red tannins, lichen orchil and plant mordants as well as to test the sustainability of these dyes and the effect of dyeing methods on wool yarns. The results suggest that three different dyeing methods were used in Late Iron Age Finland: vat dyeing, mordant dyeing and fermentation of tannins. Red tannins were obtained from tree barks such as alder buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula) and roots of common tormentil (Potentilla erecta). Red anthraquinones were obtained from local bedstraws (Galium boreale, Galium album and Galium verum). Mordants for dyes were prepared by fermenting clubmosses (Lycopodium species) and horsetails (Equisetum silvaticum and Equisetum arvense). Eagles fern (Pteridium aquilinum), common chickweed (Stellaria media) and red sorrel (Rumex acetosella) were also used in mordanting. Woad (Isatis tinctoria) was used for blue dyeing. Purple was obtained from orchil producing lichens such as rock tripe (Lasallia pustulata). Dyer s madder (Rubia tinctorum) and the yellow flavonoid dyes such as weld (Reseda luteola) were interpreted to indicate textile import. The Middle Ages offered new meanings for life and textile making, new handicraft methods and new dyestuffs, which ended the local prehistoric dyeing tradition. As a result of new cultural influences, red tannins were no longer used to strengthen yarns for warp-weighted loom nor were the blackish-blue and purple textiles dyed in vats in the Late Iron Age manner. The medieval culture provided a faster textile making process and offered horizontal looms and spinning wheels, the boiling method, alum and new dyestuffs.Väitöskirja käsittelee villaisia ja visuaalisesti värillisiä rautakauden lopulle (800 – 1055/1300 jKr.) ajoittuvia tekstiilifragmentteja. Tavoitteena on tunnistaa väriaineet ja värjäysmenetelmät, joita käytettiin Suomessa rautakauden lopulla. Tarkastelun kohteena on arkeologisia tekstiilijäänteitä ruumishaudoista ja laivojen hylyistä. Löytöjen rakenne analysoitiin visuaalisesti ja mikroskopian avulla. Referenssiaineisto koostuu villalangoista, jotka värjättiin perinteisillä Suomessa tunnetuilla väriaineilla. Arkeologiset näytteet ja värjätyt referenssilangat analysoitiin kromatografisesti Hollannissa Cultural Heritage Agencyssä (RCE) ja Belgiassa Royal Institute for Cultural Heritagessa (KIK-IRPA), käytteän HPLC:tä (Korkean suorituskyvyn nestekromatografia) ja UHPLC:tä (Erittäin korkean suorituskyvyn nestekromatografia). Puretusaineet analysoitiin Suomessa Aalto-yliopiston Nanomikroskopiakeskuksessa käyttäen SEM-EDX:ää (Pyyhkäisyelektronimikroskopia varustettuna energiahajonnan röntgenspektroskopialla). Kokeellisen arkeologian avulla rekonstruoitiin värjäysreseptejä punaisille tanniineille ja jäkäläorseljille sekä testattiin kasvipuretteita, värien kestävyyttä ja värjäysmenetelmien vaikutusta villalangoille. Tulokset viittaavat siihen, että rautakauden lopun Suomessa oli käytössä kolme eri värjäysmenetelmää. Nämä olivat kyyppivärjäys, puretevärjäys ja värjääminen fermentoiduilla tanniineilla. Punaiset tanniinit saatiin puiden kuorista, kuten paatsamasta (Rhamnus frangula) ja rätvänän juurista (Potentilla erecta). Punaiset antrakinonivärit saatiin paikallisista matarakasveista (Galium boreale, Galium album and Galium verum). Puretteet valmistettiin fermentoimalla liekoja (Lycopodium species) ja kortteita (Equisetum silvaticum and Equisetum arvense). Lisäksi sananjalkaa (Pteridium aquilinum), vesiheinää (Stellaria media) ja suolaheinää (Rumex acetosella) käytettiin puretuksessa. Sininen värjättiin morsingolla (Isatis tinctoria). Orseljia sisältävillä jäkälillä, kuten kuhmunapajakälällä (Lasallia pustulata), värjättiin purppuran väristä. Värimataran eli krapin (Rubia tinctorum) ja keltaisten flavonoidivärien, joita on esimerkiksi resedassa (Reseda luteola), tulkittiin osoittavan tekstiilien tuontia ulkomailta. Keskiaika toi mukanaan uusia merkityksiä elämälle ja tekstiilien valmistamiselle sekä lisäksi uusia käsityötekniikoita. Yhdessä nämä päättivät rautakautisen värjäysperinteen. Uusien kulttuurivaikutteiden tuloksena punaisia tanniineita ei enää käytetty vahvistamaan loimilankoja pystykangaspuissa eikä mustansinisiä ja purppuraisia tekstiilejä värjätty rautakautiseen tapaan. Keskiaikaiset kulttuurivaikutteet nopeuttivat tekstiilituotantoa tarjoamalla käsityöläisten käyttöön vaakatasokangaspuut ja rukin sekä keittovärjäysmenetelmän, alunan ja uudet väriaineet

    Euran emännän neulakintaat : Tutkielma Luistarin haudan 56 neulakinnasfragmenteista

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    Tutkielman tavoitteena on tuottaa neulakinnasrekonstruktio Euran Luistarin kalmiston haudan 56 neulakinnasfragmenttien pohjalta. Hauta on tutkittu vuonna 1969, jolloin kalmistoalueen arkeologiset kaivaukset aloitettiin. Haudan löytöjen perusteella on aikaisemmin tehty kokonainen pukurekonstruktio, Euran muinaispuku. Luistarin hauta 56 on ruumishauta ja se on tehty naisvainajalle rautakaudella, 1000-luvun alkupuolella jKr. Neulakinnastekniikalla on valmistettu neuloksia jo tuhansia vuosia. Eri neulakinnastekniikoita on yritetty kuvata useilla teorioilla, joista paras lienee Egon H. Hansenin merkintätapa. Suomalaisen kansanperinteen mukaan maassamme on tehty neuleita kolmella erilaisella neulakinnastekniikalla: suomeksi , venäjäksi ja pyöräyttäen . Luistarin haudan 56 neulakinnastekniikalla valmistetut tekstiilifragmentit löytyivät vainajan vatsalta suuren puukontupen päältä sekä kämmenluiden ja sormusten yhteydestä. Fragmentteja saatiin kaivauksissa talteen yhteensä kuusi, joista suurin on kooltaan 6x9 cm. Fragmentit on sijaintinsa perusteella tulkittu kintaiden jäänteiksi. Hautaustilanteessa kintaat ovat ilmeisesti sijainneet vainajan vatsalla, eivätkä käsiin puettuina, sillä fragmentteja ei löytynyt kaikkien sormusten yhteydestä. Myös eräistä muista rautakautisista ruumishaudoista on löydetty neulakintaiden jäänteitä. Luistarin haudan 56 neulakinnasfragmenteista on tutkittu valmistustekniikka, lankojen paksuudet ja kierteisyydet. Selkeänä erottuvat kolme väriä on tulkittu mikroskooppitarkastelussa siniseksi, punaiseksi ja keltaiseksi. Pieni punaisen kerroksen pätkä aivan suurimman fragmentin reunassa on tulkittu peukalon tyveksi. Muita Suomesta löytyneitä rautakautisia neulakinnasfragmentteja ja niistä saatuja tietoja on käytetty vertailuaineistona. Kinnasrekonstruktioon käytetyt langat on värjätty luonnonväreillä. Värjäyksessä on käytetty osittain nykypäivän keinoja, mutta niin, että lopputulos poikkeaisi mahdollisimman vähän muinaistekniikoilla tehdystä. Punainen lanka on värjätty värimataralla eli krapilla, keltainen kanervalla ja sininen luonnonindigolla. Kintaiden muotoilu perustuu suomalaiseen neulakinnastraditioon ja lähialueiltamme löytyneisiin keskiaikaisiin neulakintaisiin

    Dyed Textiles From Late Iron Age Finland

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    Examining the White Karelian textile tradition of the late nineteenth century – focus on plant fibers

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    Collection SU4522 in the Finno-Ugric Collections of the National Museum of Finland consists of 143 items, mainly textiles from nineteenth-century White Karelia, now part of the current Russia. Forty-one linen textiles were chosen for closer examination, with the aim of evaluating the area's textile culture and identifying the materials using microscopic methods. Flax, hemp and nettle have all been traditional materials for clothing in northern Europe. Additionally, cotton became established in the region during the nineteenth century. Previous research lacked such a deep examination of the textile materials used, leaving room for speculation. Stinging nettle has not been shown before to have been used as a textile material in the Karelian area. Our results show that it appeared commonly in ratsina-shirts and kaspaikka-towels. Against the consensus hemp was rare and appeared only in one of the items. The results are mirrored by concurrent pictorial and written material from I. K. Inha who visited the region in 1894 and collected most of the items in the collection. White Karelian textile traditions from clothing to fabrics, weaving, spinning and fiber production are discussed in the article. Nevertheless, questions concerning the origins of the materials and the effects of the peddling tradition would need further research.Peer reviewe

    On the scent of an animal skin : new evidence on Corded Ware mortuary practices in Northern Europe

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    The Late Neolithic Corded Ware Culture (c. 2800–2300 BC) of Northern Europe is characterised by specific sets of grave goods and mortuary practices, but the organic components of these grave sets are poorly represented in the archaeological record. New microscopic analyses of soil samples collected during the 1930s from the Perttulanmäki grave in western Finland have, however, revealed preserved Neolithic animal hairs. Despite mineralisation, the species of animal has been successfully identified and offers the oldest evidence for domestic goat in Neolithic Finland, indicating a pastoral herding economy. The mortuary context of the goat hair also suggests that animals played a significant role in the Corded Ware belief system.The Late Neolithic Corded Ware Culture (c. 2800-2300 BC) of Northern Europe is characterised by specific sets of grave goods and mortuary practices, but the organic components of these grave sets are poorly represented in the archaeological record. New microscopic analyses of soil samples collected during the 1930s from the Perttulanmaki grave in western Finland have, however, revealed preserved Neolithic animal hairs. Despite mineralisation, the species of animal has been successfully identified and offers the oldest evidence for domestic goat in Neolithic Finland, indicating a pastoral herding economy. The mortuary context of the goat hair also suggests that animals played a significant role in the Corded Ware belief system.Peer reviewe

    Seeking Nettle Textiles – Utilizing a Combination of Microscopic Methods for Fibre Identification

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    Bast fibres have been commonly used as a textile material in Northern Europe since Neolithic times. However, the process of identifying the different species has been problematic, and many important questions related to their cultural history are still unanswered. For example, a modified Herzog test and the presence of calcium oxalate crystals have both been used in identification. In order to generate more reliable results, further research and advancement in multi-methodological methods is required. This paper introduces a combination of methods which can be used to identify and distinguish flax (Linum usitatissimum), hemp (Cannabis sativa), and stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). The research material consisted of reference fibres and 25 fibre samples obtained from 12 textiles assumed to be made of nettle. The textiles were from the Finno-Ugric and Historical Collections of The National Museum of Finland. The fibre samples were studied by observing the surface characteristics and cross sections with transmitted light microscopy, and by using a modified Herzog test with polarized light, in order to identify the distinguishable features in their morphological structures. The study showed that five out of 25 samples were cotton, 16 nettle, one flax, and one hemp. Findings from two samples were inconsistent. The results show that it is possible to distinguish common north European bast fibres from each other by using a combination of microscopic methods. Furthermore, by utilizing these combined methods, new and more reliable information could be obtained from historical ethnographic textiles, which creates new vistas for the interpretation of their cultural history.Peer reviewe

    The Professorial Uniform of Elias Lönnrot: Russian Imperial Materiality in Finland

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    Elias Lönnrot’s professorial uniform sheds new light on the uniform system of the Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917). In this article, we combine the perspectives of historical, material and craft studies and examine the materiality of the uniform, focusing on its biography, materials and relation to imperial power

    Textiles

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    The taphonomy of human remains and associated funerary textiles are inevitably linked. The interplay among burial clothes, human remains, insects, rodents, and preservation is explored through study of a group of postmedieval burials in Finland. These burials have been either archaeologically excavated or inventoried beneath wooden church floors. Decay and preserving factors for various conditions are studied, allowing in-depth study of individual garments and identification of the burial season. In addition, research has revealed different factors that have an effect on future preservation of the burials under church floors.Peer reviewe
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