ગુજરાતના ખાંડ ઉદ્યોગનાં મૂડી માળખાનું વિશ્ર્લેષણ

ભારતના પ્રાચીન ધર્મ શાસ્ત્રોમાં ખાંડ શબ્દનો પ્રયોગ જોવા મળે છે. તેના પરથી કહી શકાય કે ગુજરાતમાં ઘણા સમયથી ખાંડનો ઉપયોગ થતો જોવા મળે છે. અહીં મૂડી માળખાના અભ્યાસ અને વિશ્ર્લેષણ માટે ખાંડ ઉદ્યોગને પસંદ કરવામાં આવ્યો છે. ખાંડ ઉદ્યોગને ગુજરાતનો જૂનો અને મોટો ઉદ્યોગ છે. ઇ.સ. પૂર્વે ૩૦૦૦ વર્ષ પહેલાં ભૂમધ્ય સમુદ્રના કિનારાનાં વિસ્તારમાં અને ઇજિપ્તમાં શેરડીની ખેતીનો વિકાસ થયેલો ત્યાર બાદ પંદરમી સદીમાં આ ખેત પેદાશનો ઝડપી વિકાસ થયો આમ જોઈએ તો સંરક્ષણવાદની નીતિથી ભારતમાં આધુનિક ખાંડ ઉદ્યોગની શરૂઆત થઈ, ખાંડ એ રાસાયણિક દ્રષ્ટિએ કાર્બોહાઈડ્રેટ છે. માનવ શરીરને શક્તિ આપવા માટે તેમજ શરીરનું ઉષ્ણતામાન ટકાવી રાખવા માટે ખાંડ એ અતિ આવશ્યક છે. ખાંડનું મૂળ તત્વ સુકોઝ છે. આ તત્વ દર કિલોગ્રામ દીઠ ૩૯૫ કેલરી ધરાવે છે. વર્તમાન સમયમાં આ ઉદ્યોગ ઘણી સમસ્યાઓનો સામનો કરી રહ્યો છે. આ માટે ઘણા પરિબળો જવાબદાર છે. કાચા માલના ઉંચા ભાવ, મોટા પ્રમાણમાં એકઠો થયેલ સ્ટોક, ગોદામોનો ખર્ચ મૂડીની અછત, પાવરની સમસ્યાઓ નીચી ઉત્પાદકતા, ઉત્પાદન પડતરનો વધારો, નફાકારકતાનું નીચું પ્રમાણ ઔદ્યોગિક માંદગીમાં થતો વધારો આ બધી સમસ્યાઓનો સામનો કરી રહ્યું છે. અહીં કેટલીક એવી સમસ્યાઓ છે કે જે સંચાલનના અંકુશ બહાર છે. પરંતુ કેટલીક એવી પણ સમસ્યાઓ છે કે જ્યાં સંચાલકો ઇચ્છે તો તેના પર અંકુશ મેળવી શકાય છે. જેમાં મૂડી માળખાનો નિર્ણય ગણી શકાય. એકમમાં યોગ્ય મૂડી માળખાની રચના થવી ખૂબ જ જરૂરી છે. કારણ કે તે પેઢી માટે કરોડરજ્જુ સમાન છે જો યોગ્ય મૂડી માળખાની રચના કરવામાં આવે તો જ માલિકોની સંપતિનું મહત્તમીકરણ કરી શકાય અને એ રીતે પેઢીના મૂલ્યમાં વધારો કરી શકાય. અને મૂડી પડતર ઓછી જાળવી શકાય. મૂડી માળખાના નિર્ણયની પેઢીની તરલતા, સધ્ધરતા, નફાકારકતા, પરિવર્તનશીલતા વગેરે પર અનુકૂળ કે પ્રતિકૂળ અસર પડે છે. માટે યોગ્ય મૂડી માળખાની રચના ન થાય તો પેઢીની ‘નાણાકીય સધ્ધરતા’ લાંબા સમય સુધી જાળવી શકાતી નથી. સધ્ધરતા, નફાકારકતા પરિવર્તનશીલતા વગેરે પરથી મૂડી માળખાની અસર જાણવાનો પ્રયાસ આ સંશોધન અભ્યાસ દ્વારા કરવામાં આવેલ છે

Computerized clinical decision support systems for therapeutic drug monitoring and dosing: A decision-maker-researcher partnership systematic review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Some drugs have a narrow therapeutic range and require monitoring and dose adjustments to optimize their efficacy and safety. Computerized clinical decision support systems (CCDSSs) may improve the net benefit of these drugs. The objective of this review was to determine if CCDSSs improve processes of care or patient outcomes for therapeutic drug monitoring and dosing.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We conducted a decision-maker-researcher partnership systematic review. Studies from our previous review were included, and new studies were sought until January 2010 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews, and Inspec databases. Randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of a CCDSS on process of care or patient outcomes were selected by pairs of independent reviewers. A study was considered to have a positive effect (<it>i.e.</it>, CCDSS showed improvement) if at least 50% of the relevant study outcomes were statistically significantly positive.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Thirty-three randomized controlled trials were identified, assessing the effect of a CCDSS on management of vitamin K antagonists (14), insulin (6), theophylline/aminophylline (4), aminoglycosides (3), digoxin (2), lidocaine (1), or as part of a multifaceted approach (3). Cluster randomization was rarely used (18%) and CCDSSs were usually stand-alone systems (76%) primarily used by physicians (85%). Overall, 18 of 30 studies (60%) showed an improvement in the process of care and 4 of 19 (21%) an improvement in patient outcomes. All evaluable studies assessing insulin dosing for glycaemic control showed an improvement. In meta-analysis, CCDSSs for vitamin K antagonist dosing significantly improved time in therapeutic range.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>CCDSSs have potential for improving process of care for therapeutic drug monitoring and dosing, specifically insulin and vitamin K antagonist dosing. However, studies were small and generally of modest quality, and effects on patient outcomes were uncertain, with no convincing benefit in the largest studies. At present, no firm recommendation for specific systems can be given. More potent CCDSSs need to be developed and should be evaluated by independent researchers using cluster randomization and primarily assess patient outcomes related to drug efficacy and safety.</p

Computerized clinical decision support systems for acute care management: A decision-maker-researcher partnership systematic review of effects on process of care and patient outcomes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Acute medical care often demands timely, accurate decisions in complex situations. Computerized clinical decision support systems (CCDSSs) have many features that could help. However, as for any medical intervention, claims that CCDSSs improve care processes and patient outcomes need to be rigorously assessed. The objective of this review was to systematically review the effects of CCDSSs on process of care and patient outcomes for acute medical care.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We conducted a decision-maker-researcher partnership systematic review. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews databases (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, DARE, ACP Journal Club, and others), and the Inspec bibliographic database were searched to January 2010, in all languages, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of CCDSSs in all clinical areas. We included RCTs that evaluated the effect on process of care or patient outcomes of a CCDSS used for acute medical care compared with care provided without a CCDSS. A study was considered to have a positive effect (<it>i.e.</it>, CCDSS showed improvement) if at least 50% of the relevant study outcomes were statistically significantly positive.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Thirty-six studies met our inclusion criteria for acute medical care. The CCDSS improved process of care in 63% (22/35) of studies, including 64% (9/14) of medication dosing assistants, 82% (9/11) of management assistants using alerts/reminders, 38% (3/8) of management assistants using guidelines/algorithms, and 67% (2/3) of diagnostic assistants. Twenty studies evaluated patient outcomes, of which three (15%) reported improvements, all of which were medication dosing assistants.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The majority of CCDSSs demonstrated improvements in process of care, but patient outcomes were less likely to be evaluated and far less likely to show positive results.</p

Do computerised clinical decision support systems for prescribing change practice? A systematic review of the literature (1990-2007)

Computerised clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) are used widely to improve quality of care and patient outcomes. This systematic review evaluated the impact of CDSSs in targeting specific aspects of prescribing, namely initiating, monitoring and stopping therapy. We also examined the influence of clinical setting (institutional vs ambulatory care), system- or user-initiation of CDSS, multi-faceted vs stand alone CDSS interventions and clinical target on practice changes in line with the intent of the CDSS. We searched Medline, Embase and PsychINFO for publications from 1990-2007 detailing CDSS prescribing interventions. Pairs of independent reviewers extracted the key features and prescribing outcomes of methodologically adequate studies (experiments and strong quasi-experiments). 56 studies met our inclusion criteria, 38 addressing initiating, 23 monitoring and three stopping therapy. At the time of initiating therapy, CDSSs appear to be somewhat more effective after, rather than before, drug selection has occurred (7/12 versus 12/26 studies reporting statistically significant improvements in favour of CDSSs on = 50% of prescribing outcomes reported). CDSSs also appeared to be effective for monitoring therapy, particularly using laboratory test reminders (4/7 studies reporting significant improvements in favour of CDSSs on the majority of prescribing outcomes). None of the studies addressing stopping therapy demonstrated impacts in favour of CDSSs over comparators. The most consistently effective approaches used system-initiated advice to fine-tune existing therapy by making recommendations to improve patient safety, adjust the dose, duration or form of prescribed drugs or increase the laboratory testing rates for patients on long-term therapy. CDSSs appeared to perform better in institutional compared to ambulatory settings and when decision support was initiated automatically by the system as opposed to user initiation. CDSSs implemented with other strategies such as education were no more successful in improving prescribing than stand alone interventions. Cardiovascular disease was the most studied clinical target but few studies demonstrated significant improvements on the majority of prescribing outcomes. Our understanding of CDSS impacts on specific aspects of the prescribing process remains relatively limited. Future implementation should build on effective approaches including the use of system-initiated advice to address safety issues and improve the monitoring of therapy

The subchondral bone in articular cartilage repair: current problems in the surgical management

As the understanding of interactions between articular cartilage and subchondral bone continues to evolve, increased attention is being directed at treatment options for the entire osteochondral unit, rather than focusing on the articular surface only. It is becoming apparent that without support from an intact subchondral bed, any treatment of the surface chondral lesion is likely to fail. This article reviews issues affecting the entire osteochondral unit, such as subchondral changes after marrow-stimulation techniques and meniscectomy or large osteochondral defects created by prosthetic resurfacing techniques. Also discussed are surgical techniques designed to address these issues, including the use of osteochondral allografts, autologous bone grafting, next generation cell-based implants, as well as strategies after failed subchondral repair and problems specific to the ankle joint. Lastly, since this area remains in constant evolution, the requirements for prospective studies needed to evaluate these emerging technologies will be reviewed

Patient treatment compliance in leprosy A social psychological perspective

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:D170194 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Parametric Analyses on Compressive Strength of Furan No Bake Mould System Using ANN

Casting is the most widely used manufacturing technique. Furan No-bake mould system is very widely accepted in competitive foundry industries due to its excellent characteristics of producing heavy and extremely difficult castings. These castings have excellent surface finish and high dimensional stability. Self setting and high dimensional stability are the key characteristics of FNB mould system which leads to reduce production cycle time for foundry industries which will ultimately save machining cost, labour cost and energy. Compressive strength is the main aspect of furan no bake mould, which can be improved by analyzing the effect of various parameters on it. ANN is a useful technique for determining the relation of various parameters like Grain Fineness Number, Loss on Ignition, pH, % resin and temperature of sand with compressive strength of the FNB mould. Matlab version: R2015a version 8.3 software with ANN tool box can be used to gain output of relation. This paper deals with the representation of relationship of various parameters affecting on the compressive strength of FNB mould

Evaluation of Critical Parameters for Sand Inclusion Defect in FNB Casting

Casting covers major area of production all over the world. Resin bonded casting is widely used in today’s manufacturing industries. Furan No bake casting is most widely accepted in Indian foundries due to its excellent surface finish and dimensional stability. It is a self-setting binder and it has a lower work and strip times. Though the casting process is also known as process of uncertainty, in the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of Grain Fineness Number, Loss of Ignition, Potential of Hydrogen, % of Resin with respect to sand, Sand Temperature and Compressive strength of the mould on Sand Inclusion defect – one of the most dominating defect in the Krislur Castomech Pvt. Ltd. Industry situated at Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. The experiments were conducted based on response surface methodology (RSM) and sequential approach using face centered central composite design. The results show that quadratic model with removal of some insignificant term is comparatively best fits for Sand Inclusion Defect