Toxicity responses for marine invertebrate species of brazilian occurrence

To assess the risk of chemical contaminants it is desirable to derive toxicity data from representative species of the ecosystem intended to be protected. However, species of occurrence in Brazil are rarely used in toxicity tests, especially for marine and estuarine environments. To address this need, we evaluated the toxicity of different toxicants such as metals and organic compounds to marine invertebrates of Brazilian occurrence, representative from tropical regions and cultivated in laboratory. We used two epibenthic test species of Brazilian occurrence, Parhyale hawaiensis, a deposit feeding amphipod and Nitocra sp, a harpacticoid copepod. Nitocra sp. was more sensitive than other copepods to zinc, and more sensitive than P. hawaiensis to disperse dyes. Sensitivity species distribution revealed that Nitocra sp. and P. hawaiensis were similarly responsive as other marine species to zinc, and Nitocra sp. was among of the most sensitive species. Moreover, our study highlighted that organic compounds are poorly explored in toxicity evaluation with marine organisms; therefore, more studies need to be carried out to assess the toxicity of different substances using marine and estuarine organisms representative of tropical ecosystems

Occurrence, genotoxicity and ecotoxicological risk of dyes in the aquatic environment.

Corantes são utilizados na coloração de diferentes substratos, incluindo papel, couro e plásticos, mas o uso mais importante é o têxtil e 1 a 5% destes corantes podem ser descartados no ambiente. Em geral, os corantes do tipo azo são tóxicos para os organismos aquáticos e alguns tipos de corantes podem ser mais tóxicos que outros. Mas, embora estes compostos e seus produtos de transformação reduzidos e/ou clorados podem ser encontrados no ecossistema aquáticos, não existem dados sobre genotoxicidade em organismos aquáticos até o momento. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado que avaliar danos ao DNA representa um biomarcador de exposição muito sensível em espécies aquáticas, que pode ser estudado utilizando ensaios in vivo e in vitro, como no caso das linhagens de células de peixe. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a ocorrência de corantes dispersos em amostras ambientais; avaliar a mutagenicidade dessas amostras utilizando o ensaio de Salmonella/microssoma com as linhagens TA98 e YG1041, e a genotoxicidade com o ensaio do cometa em culturas celulares de peixe RTL-W1. HPLC-MS/MS foi utilizada para verificar a ocorrência de corantes em amostras do Rio Piracicaba à montante e à jusante do Ribeirão Quilombo e do descarte de uma Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes (ETE), localizados no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram detectados seis corantes dispersos nas amostras de águas superficiais e efluentes. O corante Disperse Red 1 foi o composto mais frequente, detectado em 8 das 16 amostras, porém sua contribuição para a mutagenicidade total foi baixa; os corantes Disperse Blue 373 e Disperse Violet 93 foram os que mais contribuíram. A genotoxicidade do Rio Piracicaba, avaliada pelo ensaio de Salmonella/microssoma e ensaio do cometa, aumentou após o lançamento do Ribeirão Quilombo e do efluente ETE, mostrando uma possível contribuição destes na genotoxicidade do Rio Piracicaba.Dyes are used in the coloration of different substrates, including paper, leather and plastics, but the most important use is on textiles and 1 to 5% of these dyes might be lost into the environment. Azo dyes are the most important class, accounting for over 50% of all commercial dyes, and this class has been the most studied. In general, azo dyes are toxic to aquatic organisms and some types of dyes are more toxic than others. But although these compounds as well as their reduced/chlorinated transformation products can be found in aquatic ecosystems, no mutagenicity data are available until now in aquatic organisms. This remark remains of value, as well, regarding genotoxicity potential of such dyes towards aquatic organisms. Many studies have demonstrated that DNA damage measurement represents a very sensitive biomarker of exposure in aquatic species that can be studied both in vivo and in vitro using for example fish cell lines. The objectives of this work were evaluate the occurrence of disperse dyes in environmental samples; evaluate the mutagenicity of this samples using the Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA98 and YG1041; evaluate the genotoxicity using the comet assay with fish cell lines RTL-W1. HPLC-MS/MS was used to verify the occurrence of dyes in samples of Piracicaba River upstream and downstream the discharge of Quilombo River and Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) effluent, located in São Paulo State, Brazil. Six dyes were detected in samples of water and effluents. Disperse Red 1 dye was detected in 8 of 16 samples, but its contribution for the mutagenicity was low. Disperse Blue 373 and Disperse Violet 93 were the major contributors for the mutagenicity found in the samples. The genotoxicity of Piracicaba River, evaluated with Salmonella/microsome assay and comet assay, increased after the discharges of Quilombo River and the effluent of WWTP, showing a contribution of this discharges on the river genotoxicity

Eco/genotoxicity of commercial dye CI Disperse Red 1 and chlorinated by-products

Orientador: Gisela de Aragão UmbuzeiroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de TecnologiaResumo: Cerca de 70% dos corantes utilizados em indústrias têxteis são corantes do tipo azo, que se caracterizam pelo grupo -N=N- ligado a sistemas aromáticos, sendo que a função azo inclui os principais tipos de corantes. A eliminação da cor no efluente é um grande desafio para o setor têxtil, já que, aproximadamente, 15% da produção mundial de corantes são descartados para o meio ambiente durante sua produção, processamento e aplicação. O corante comercial Disperse Red 1 utilizado neste trabalho é composto por seis corantes diferentes e surfactante, porém o corante principal em sua composição é o Disperse Red 1 (N-Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(4- nitrophenylazo) aniline; CAS number 2872-52-8) com 60% em massa. O corante comercial foi submetido ao processo de cloração com gás cloro, simulando as condições utilizadas em Estações de Tratamento de Efluentes. A toxicidade do corante comercial CI Disperse Red 1 e do subproduto clorado foi avaliada em testes agudos com Ceriodapnhia dubia, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, Daphnia similis, Daphnia magna, Hydra attenuata, e em testes crônicos com Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Ceriodapnhia dubia, e Hydra attenuata. A mutagenicidade foi avaliada com ensaio Salmonella/microssoma com as linhagens TA98, TA100 e YG1041. D. similis foi o organismo mais sensível ao corante comercial; e H. attenuata foi mais sensível ao subproduto clorado. A CE50 obtida para D. similis para o corante comercial é similar ao corante puro, mostrando que a toxicidade do corante comercial é devido ao Disperse Red 1. O subproduto clorado foi menos tóxico do que o corante para todos os organismos testados, com exceção de H. attenuata. Porém, o subproduto clorado foi mais mutagênico do que o corante para todas as linhagens testadas. Mais estudos são necessários para compreender os mecanismos envolvidos na toxicidade destes corantes, considerando sua alta toxicidade para organismos aquáticos, a fim de fornecer informações para a elaboração de corantes ambientalmente corretos. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho podem fornecer informações úteis para a derivação de critérios para qualidade da água para esse coranteAbstract: About 70% of dyes used in textiles industries are of type azo. These days 15% of the dye world production is discharged into the environment during its production, processing and application. Effluent that contains dyes must have their color removed in order to be in compliance with environmental regulations, but sometimes the treatment can lead to more toxic compounds. The commercial azo dye Disperse Red 1 used in this study is composed of six different dye constituents and surfactant; however the main dye of the commercial product is the Disperse Red 1 (N-Ethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(4-nitrophenylazo) aniline; CAS number 2872-52-8). Commercial dye samples were treated with chlorine gas, in order to simulate the conditions used in effluent treatment plant. The ecotoxicity of the commercial dye and chlorinated byproduct was evaluated in acute tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, Daphnia similis, Daphnia magna, and Hydra attenuata as well as in chronic toxicity tests with Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Ceriodapnhia dubia and Hydra attenuata. Mutagenicity was evaluated using Salmonella/microsome assay with TA98, TA100 and YG1041 strains. The commercial dye Disperse Red 1 was similarly toxic to P. subcapitata, C. dubia and D. similis, even with different endpoints. The chlorinated byproduct was less toxic to all organisms tested than the dye, except for H. attenuata. The toxicity of the commercial dye is due to Disperse Red 1 itself and the surfactant does not seem to contribute to the toxicity, at least to D. similis. The chlorinated byproduct was more mutagenic than the commercial dye. More studies are necessary to address the mechanisms involved in the toxicity of this azo dye considering its high toxicity to aquatic organisms in order to provide information for the design of more environmental friendly dye products. The results obtained in this work can provide useful information for the derivation of water quality criteria for this dyeMestradoTecnologia e InovaçãoMestre em Tecnologi

Using SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis to assess disperse dyes in environmental water samples

We have optimized an SPE-LC-ESI-MS/MS method and used it to monitor disperse azo dyes in environmental aquatic samples. Calibration curves constructed for nine disperse dyes-Red 1, Violet 93, Blue 373, Orange 1, Orange 3, Orange 25, Yellow 3, Yellow 7 and Red 13-in aqueous solution presented good linearity between 2.0 and 100.0 ng mL(-1). The method provided limits of detection and quantification around 2.0 and 8.0 ng L(-1), respectively. For dyes at concentrations of 25.0 ng mL(-1), the intra- and interday analyses afforded relative standard deviation lower than 6 and 13%, respectively. The recovery values obtained for each target analyte in Milli-Q water, receiving waters and treated water samples spiked with the nine studied dyes at concentrations of 8.0, 25.0 and 50.0 ng L(-1) (n = 3) gave average recoveries greater than 70%, with RSD <20%. Statistical evaluation aided method validation. The validated method proved to be useful for analysis of organic extracts from effluents and receiving water samples after an SPE extraction step. More specifically, the method enabled detection of the dyes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Blue 373 and Disperse Violet 93 at concentrations ranging from 84 to 3452 ng L(-1) in the treated effluent (TE), affluent and points collected upstream and downstream of the drinking water treatment plant of a textile dye industry in Brazil

Occurrence and risk assessment of an azo dye - The case of Disperse Red 1

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:28:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-08-01Water quality criteria to protect aquatic life are not available for most disperse dyes which are often used as commercial mixtures in textile coloration. In this study, the acute and chronic toxicity of the commercial dye Disperse Red 1 (DR1) to eight aquatic organisms from four trophic levels was evaluated. A safety threshold, i.e. Predicted No-Effect Concentration (PNEC), was derived based on the toxicity information of the commercial product and the purified dye. This approach was possible because the toxicity of DR1 was accounting for most of the toxicity of the commercial mixture. A long-term PNEC of 60 ng L-1 was proposed, based on the most sensitive chronic endpoint for Daphnia similis. A short-term PNEC of 1800 ng L-1 was proposed based on the most sensitive acute endpoint also for Daphnia similis. Both key studies have been evaluated with the new Criteria for Reporting and Evaluating ecotoxicity Data (CRED) methodology, applying more objective criteria to assess the quality of toxicity tests, resulting in two reliable and relevant endpoints with only minor restrictions. HPLC-MS/MS was used to quantify the occurrence of DR1 in river waters of three sites, influenced by textile industry discharges, resulting in a concentration range of 50-500 ng L-1. The risk quotients for DR1 obtained in this work suggest that this dye can pose a potential risk to freshwater biota. To reduce uncertainty of the derived PNEC, a fish partial or full lifecycle study should be performed.Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of São Paulo USPSchool of Technology State University of Campinas UNICAMPAmalex Environmental SolutionsChemical Institute State University of São Paulo UNESPSchool of Life Sciences Heriot-Watt UniversityDepartment of Biology and CESAM University of AveiroChemical Institute State University of São Paulo UNES