Interventions to Promote Cancer Awareness and Early Presentation: Systematic Review

Low cancer awareness contributes to delay in presentation for cancer symptoms and may lead to delay in cancer diagnosis. The aim of this study was to review the evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to raise cancer awareness and promote early presentation in cancer to inform policy and future research. We searched bibliographic databases and reference lists for randomised controlled trials of interventions delivered to individuals, and controlled or uncontrolled studies of interventions delivered to communities. We found some evidence that interventions delivered to individuals modestly increase cancer awareness in the short term and insufficient evidence that they promote early presentation. We found limited evidence that public education campaigns reduce stage at presentation of breast cancer, malignant melanoma and retinoblastoma

Communing with the Fictional Dead: Grave Tourism and the Sentimental Novel

From the 1770s onwards gravesites of characters from Laurence Sterne’s Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman (1759–67), A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy (1768) and Susanna Rowson’s Charlotte Temple: A Tale of Truth (1791) appeared across Germany and in America as a unique form of literary afterlife. This essay argues that graves of literary heroines, Maria and Charlotte, were a means by which readers could express the heightened sensibility characteristic of the sentimental novel tradition through communing with favourite dead characters and—whether through sociable pilgrimage or simply in imagination—other sentimental readers. Considering the characteristically tragic outcomes for female protagonists of the sentimental novel, the practice of grave-visiting described here depends on while also unpacking narratives which explore female sexuality and its relationship with death. Graves to fictional characters therefore facilitated readers’ quixotic mourning while holding the potential to provoke collective criticism of sentimental literary culture’s framing of female sexuality, other than that which conveniently concludes with marriage, as traged