Bioencapsulation and Colonization Characteristics of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CF4MRS in Artemia franciscana: a Biological Approach for the Control of Edwardsiellosis in Larviculture

Predominance of beneficial bacteria helps to establish a healthy microbiota in fish gastrointestinal system and thus to reduce emerging pathogen. In this study, the colonization efficacy of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CF4MRS in Artemia franciscana and its potential as a probiotic in suppressing Edwardsiella sp. infection were investigated in vivo. The colonization extent of the bioencapsulated L. lactis was established through visualization of gfp gene-transformed L. lactis in A. franciscana. Here, we demonstrate that when A. franciscana is administrated with L. lactis at 108 CFU mL−1 for 8 h, the highest relative percentage of survival (RPS = 50.0) is observed after inoculation with Edwardsiella sp. The total counts of L. lactis entrapped in Artemia were the highest (ranged from 3.2 to 5.1 × 108 CFU mL−1), when 108–109 CFU mL−1 of L. lactis was used as starting inoculum, with the bioencapsulation performed within 8–24 h. Fluorescent microscopy showed gfp-transformed L. lactis colonized the external trunk surfaces, mid-gut and locomotion antennules of the A. franciscana nauplii. These illustrations elucidate the efficiency of colonization of L. lactis in the gastrointestinal tract and on the body surfaces of Artemia. In conclusion, L. lactis subsp. lactis CF4MRS shows a good efficacy of colonization in Artemia and has the potential for biocontrol/probiotic activity against Edwardsiella sp. infection

Formulations of Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes for Field Applications

Development of a plant growth-promoting (PGP) microbe needs several steps starting with isolation of a pure culture, screening of its PGP or antagonistic traits by means of different efficacy bioassays performed in vitro, in vivo or in trials under greenhouse and/or field conditions. In order to maximize the potential of an efficient PGP microbe, it is essential to optimize mass multiplication protocols that promote product quality and quantity and a product formulation that enhances bioactivity, preserves shelf life and aids product delivery. Selection of formulation is very crucial as it can determine the success or failure of a PGP microbe. A good carrier material should be able to deliver the right number of viable cells in good physiological conditions, easy to use and economically affordable by the farmers. Several carrier materials have been used in formulation that include peat, talc, charcoal, cellulose powder, farm yard manure, vermicompost and compost, lignite, bagasse and press mud. Each formulation has its advantages and disadvantages but the peat based carrier material is widely used in different part of the world. This chapter gives a comprehensive analysis of different formulations and the quality of inoculants available in the market, with a case study conducted in five-states of India

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Not AvailableThe haemagglutinin (HA) encoding gene and genes encoding for immunomodulatory proteins i.e., schlafen-like protein, epidermal growth factor and golgi anti apoptotic protein of camelpoxvirus (CMLV) obtained from Indian dromedarian camels were cloned and characterized. In this study, the size of the HA encoding gene obtained from the Indian CMLV is 941 bp which is only partial. Sequence analysis of schlafen-like protein gene revealed that CMLV obtained from India shared 99.6% identity with CMLV-Iran and CMLV-Kazakhstan strains both at nucleotide and amino acid level. The size of epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene of Indian CMLV obtained in this study was 418 bp, which was due to the addition of one cytosine residue position 132 of EGF gene of Indian CMLV. Sequence analysis revealed that the Golgi anti-apoptotic protein (GAAP) of Indian CMLV shared 99.5% sequence identity both at the nucleotide and amino acid level with CMLV-Kazakhstan. Based on the nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities and phylogenetic analyses of these genes, it is found that CMLV-India is forming a cluster with Kazakhstan and Iranian CMLV isolates.Not Availabl

Microwave sintering of nickel ferrite nanoparticles processed via sol-gel method

Magnetic nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) was prepared by sol-gel process and calcined in the 2.45 GHz singlemode microwave furnace to synthesize nickel nanopowder. The sol-gel method was used for the processing of the NiFe2O4 powder because of its potential for making fine, pure and homogeneous powders. Sol-gel is a chemical method that has the possibility of synthesizing a reproducible material. Microwave energy is used for the calcining of this powder and the sintering of the NiFe2O 4 samples. Its use for calcination has the advantage of reducing the total processing time and the soak temperature. In addition to the above combination of sol-gel and microwave processing yields to nanoscale particles and a more uniform distribution of their sizes. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometer were carried out to investigate structural, elemental, morphological and magnetic aspects of NiFe2O4. The results showed that the mean size and the saturation magnetization of the NiFe 2O4 nanoparticles are about 30 nm and 55.27 emu/g, respectively. This method could be used as an alternative to other chemical methods in order to obtain NiFe2O4 nanoparticles