Envenomations by Bothrops and Crotalus Snakes Induce the Release of Mitochondrial Alarmins

Skeletal muscle necrosis is a common manifestation of viperid snakebite envenomations. Venoms from snakes of the genus Bothrops, such as that of B. asper, induce muscle tissue damage at the site of venom injection, provoking severe local pathology which often results in permanent sequelae. In contrast, the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, induces a clinical picture of systemic myotoxicity, i.e., rhabdomyolysis, together with neurotoxicity. It is known that molecules released from damaged muscle might act as ‘danger’ signals. These are known as ‘alarmins’, and contribute to the inflammatory reaction by activating the innate immune system. Here we show that the venoms of B. asper and C. d. terrificus release the mitochondrial markers mtDNA (from the matrix) and cytochrome c (Cyt c) from the intermembrane space, from ex vivo mouse tibialis anterior muscles. Cyt c was released to a similar extent by the two venoms whereas B. asper venom induced the release of higher amounts of mtDNA, thus reflecting hitherto some differences in their pathological action on muscle mitochondria. At variance, injection of these venoms in mice resulted in a different time-course of mtDNA release, with B. asper venom inducing an early onset increment in plasma levels and C. d. terrificus venom provoking a delayed release. We suggest that the release of mitochondrial ‘alarmins’ might contribute to the local and systemic inflammatory events characteristic of snakebite envenomations

O Laboratório de Artrópodes do Instituto Butantan e os aracnídeos peçonhentos The Butantan Institute's Arthropod Laboratory and poisonous arachnids

O presente relato é um histórico sobre a origem do Laboratório de Artrópodes do Instituto Butantan, desde a época de sua fundação até a aposentadoria de Wolfgang Bücherl, um dos maiores aracnológos do Brasil, em meados de 1967. Baseia-se nos relatórios anuais de Vital Brazil, diretor do instituto durante o período de 1900 a 1919 e de 1924 a 1927 nos trabalhos publicados nas Memórias do Instituto Butantan e também no meu convívio, a partir de 1961, como assistente de Bücherl, com pesquisadores, pessoal técnico e colaboradores do instituto.<br>The text follows the history of the Butantan Institute's Arthropod Laboratory from its foundation to the mid-1967 retirement of Wolfgang Bücherl, one of Brazil's greatest arachnologists. Information is drawn from several sources: annual reports by Vital Brazil, director of the Institute, from the periods 1900-1919 and 1924-1927; works published as part of Memórias do Instituto Butantan; and my personal experience with the Institute's researchers, technical staff, and contributors, as Bücherl's assistant starting in 1961