Desarrollo, medio ambiente y cultura en la amazonía colombiana

Simposio: Desarrollo y Ambiente en la Amazonía. Los efectos que ha tenido el desarrollo sobre el medio ambiente y la cultura en regiones como la Amazonia, es uno de los ejemplos más dramáticos que se puedan encontrar en lo que se refiere a la desaparición física de numerosas culturas, así como de su integración a la sociedad nacional y su consiguiente pérdida de identidad cultural y las consecuencias devastadoras que han tenido las políticas de desarrollo sobre los diferentes ecosistemas amazónicos

Planes de desarrollo y planes de vida: ¿diálogo de saberes?

El artículo explora las posibilidades de establecer un diálogo de saberes entre los planes de desarrollo estatales y los planes de vida elaborados por las organizaciones indígenas, en particular el plan de vida de la Asociación de autoridades indígenas del resguardo Tikuna, Cocama, Yagua (Aticoya), municipio de Puerto Nariño, Amazonas, Colombia. La Constitución de 1991 incluyó la ETI (Entidad territorial indígena) como una entidad territorial de orden constitucional tal como el municipio, el departamento y el distrito. Esto implica que los resguardos y las asociaciones indígenas manejen recursos públicos para lo cual deben diseñar un plan de vida. Esta inclusión y reconocimiento de los pueblos indígenas conlleva al hecho de que los planes de vida se deben articular con los planes de desarrollo nacional, departamental y municipal. El artículo ilustra esta situación, mediante la comparación entre dos programas asistencialistas estatales –Resa (Red de Seguridad Alimentaria) y Familias Guardabosques– y los proyectos productivos y de servicios (turismo) ejecutados por Aticoya y los cabildos de las comunidades de los ríos Amazonas y Loretoyacu.This article explores the possibilities of establishing knowledge sharing between governmental development plans and the “life plans” (planes de vida) made by indigenous organizations, in particular the life plan of the Asociación de Autoridades Indígenas del Resguardo Tikuna, Cocama, Yagua (Aticoya), municipality of Puerto Nariño, Amazonas, Colombia. Colombia’s Constitution of 1991 created the ETI (Entidad Territorial Indígena,“indigenous territorial entity”) as a territorial unit, just like municipalities, departments, and districts. This means that indigenous reservations (or “reserves” or “preserves”) and associations should manage public funds, for which they must design a life plan. This inclusion and recognition of indigenous peoples entails that those life plans should articulate with the municipal, departmental, and national development plans. The article illustrates this situation by comparing two welfare programs –Resa (Red de Seguridad Alimentaria “Food Security Network”) and Familias Guardabosques (“Forest Ranger Families”)– and two income-generating productive and service (tourism) projects carried out by Aticoya and the local indigenous councils of communities on the Amazon and Loretoyacu Rivers

High-Temperature Short-Time and Holder Pasteurization of Donor Milk: Impact on Milk Composition

Holder pasteurization (HoP; 62.5 °C, 30 min) is commonly used to ensure the microbiological safety of donor human milk (DHM) but diminishes its nutritional properties. A high-temperature short-time (HTST) system was designed as an alternative for human milk banks. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of this HTST system on different nutrients and the bile salt stimulated lipase (BSSL) activity of DHM. DHM was processed in the HTST system and by standard HoP. Macronutrients were measured with a mid-infrared analyzer. Lactose, glucose, myo-inositol, vitamins and lipids were assayed using chromatographic techniques. BSSL activity was determined using a kit. The duration of HTST treatment had a greater influence on the nutrient composition of DHM than did the tested temperature. The lactose concentration and the percentage of phospholipids and PUFAs were higher in HTST-treated than in raw DHM, while the fat concentration and the percentage of monoacylglycerides and SFAs were lower. Other nutrients did not change after HTST processing. The retained BSSL activity was higher after short HTST treatment than that following HoP. Overall, HTST treatment resulted in better preservation of the nutritional quality of DHM than HoP because relevant thermosensitive components (phospholipids, PUFAs, and BSSL) were less affected.This research was funded by grants from the Spanish Research Projects in Health funded by ISCIII-the state plan for scientific and technical research and innovation and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) (ref. PI12/02128 and PI15/00995) and by ALG2016-75476-R project from the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Spain). Moreover, this work has received a grant from the Hero Institute for Infant Nutrition (Alcantarilla, Murcia, España; 2012). Additionally, this study was supported by RETICS “Maternal and Child Health and Development Network” (SAMID Network), funded by the PN I+D+i 2008-2011 (Spain), ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion and the ERDF (ref. RD12/0026)

Mitochondrial Na+ controls oxidative phosphorylation and hypoxic redox signalling

All metazoans depend on O2 delivery and consumption by the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system to produce energy. A decrease in O2 availability (hypoxia) leads to profound metabolic rewiring. In addition, OXPHOS uses O2 to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can drive cell adaptations through redox signalling, but also trigger cell damage1–4, and both phenomena occur in hypoxia4–8. However, the precise mechanism by which acute hypoxia triggers mitochondrial ROS production is still unknown. Ca2+ is one of the best known examples of an ion acting as a second messenger9, yet the role ascribed to Na+ is to serve as a mere mediator of membrane potential and collaborating in ion transport10. Here we show that Na+ acts as a second messenger regulating OXPHOS function and ROS production by modulating fluidity of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). We found that a conformational shift in mitochondrial complex I during acute hypoxia11 drives the acidification of the matrix and solubilization of calcium phosphate precipitates. The concomitant increase in matrix free-Ca2+ activates the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCLX), which imports Na+ into the matrix. Na+ interacts with phospholipids reducing IMM fluidity and mobility of free ubiquinone between complex II and complex III, but not inside supercomplexes. As a consequence, superoxide is produced at complex III, generating a redox signal. Inhibition of mitochondrial Na+ import through NCLX is sufficient to block this pathway, preventing adaptation to hypoxia. These results reveal that Na+ import into the mitochondrial matrix controls OXPHOS function and redox signalling through an unexpected interaction with phospholipids, with profound consequences in cellular metabolism

A Neutrophil Timer Coordinates Immune Defense and Vascular Protection

Neutrophils eliminate pathogens efficiently but can inflict severe damage to the host if they over-activate within blood vessels. It is unclear how immunity solves the dilemma of mounting an efficient anti-microbial defense while preserving vascular health. Here, we identify a neutrophil-intrinsic program that enabled both. The gene Bmal1 regulated expression of the chemokine CXCL2 to induce chemokine receptor CXCR2-dependent diurnal changes in the transcriptional and migratory properties of circulating neutrophils. These diurnal alterations, referred to as neutrophil aging, were antagonized by CXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4) and regulated the outer topology of neutrophils to favor homeostatic egress from blood vessels at night, resulting in boosted anti-microbial activity in tissues. Mice engineered for constitutive neutrophil aging became resistant to infection, but the persistence of intravascular aged neutrophils predisposed them to thrombo-inflammation and death. Thus, diurnal compartmentalization of neutrophils, driven by an internal timer, coordinates immune defense and vascular protection. Neutrophils display circadian oscillations in numbers and phenotype in the circulation. Adrover and colleagues now identify the molecular regulators of neutrophil aging and show that genetic disruption of this process has major consequences in immune cell trafficking, anti-microbial defense, and vascular health.This study was supported by Intramural grants from A∗STAR to L.G.N., BES-2013-065550 to J.M.A., BES-2010-032828 to M.C.-A, and JCI-2012-14147 to L.A.W (all from Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad; MEIC). Additional MEIC grants were SAF2014-61993-EXP to C.L.-R.; SAF2015-68632-R to M.A.M. and SAF-2013-42920R and SAF2016-79040Rto D.S. D.S. also received 635122-PROCROP H2020 from the European Commission and ERC CoG 725091 from the European Research Council (ERC). ERC AdG 692511 PROVASC from the ERC and SFB1123-A1 from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft were given to C.W.; MHA VD1.2/81Z1600212 from the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) was given to C.W. and O.S.; SFB1123-A6 was given to O.S.; SFB914-B08 was given to O.S. and C.W.; and INST 211/604-2, ZA 428/12-1, and ZA 428/13-1 were given to A.Z. This study was also supported by PI12/00494 from Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS) to C.M.; PI13/01979, Cardiovascular Network grant RD 12/0042/0054, and CIBERCV to B.I.; SAF2015-65607-R, SAF2013-49662-EXP, and PCIN-2014-103 from MEIC; and co-funding by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) to A.H. The CNIC is supported by the MEIC and the Pro CNIC Foundation and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (MEIC award SEV-2015-0505)

Développement et transformation sociale chez les Ticuna du trapèze amazonien

La présente thèse illustre la rencontre du développement et de la modernité avec la vision du développement qui a surgit à partir de ce qui est local, dans notre cas d'étude, à partir du resguardo indigène Ticuna, Cocam, Yagua, situé en Amazonie Centrale, dans la municipalité de Puerto Nariño, département de l'Amazonie en Colombie. Après avoir abordé le contexte historique et les politiques publiques mises en place par l'état colombien face au développement et aux peuples indigènes, la thèse se centre sur la confrontation entre ces deux approches du développement. ainsi, en premier lieu, la mise en place d'un programme de développement assistancialiste de l'état, nommé réseau de sécurité alimentaire (RESA), est étudiée dans les vingt communautés qui forment le resguardo. En deuxième lieu, le Plan de Vie mis en place par le resguardo et son Association d'Autorités Indigènes (Aticoya) est analysé, de même que son rôle en tant qu'instruemnt politique dans la construction d'un propre développement. Ceci est posiible étant donné que la Constitution Politique de la Colombie de 1991 et la reconnaissance des territoires indigènes comme entités territoriales de la nation permettent aux peuples indigènes de recevoir des ressources de l'état central pour mettre en place leurs propres projets de développement. Finalement, une analyse des projets mis en place par le resguardo sera effectuée ainsi que ses possibilités d'atteindre un propre développement.This PHD thesis illustrates the encounter between developement and modernity and the vision of development originating locally, in this case in the indigenous Ticuna, Cocama, Yagua communities in the central Amazon, in the municipality of Puerto Nariño, department of the Amazonas in Colombia. After discussing the historical context and the public policies undertaken by the Colombian state for the development of the indigenous populations, the thesis focuses on the confrontation of these two visions of development in the following way: first, a study of the implementation of an assistance for development programme by the state known as the Network for Food Security (red de Seguridad Alementaria - RESA) in the twenty communities included in the "resguardo". Second, the examination of the Life Plan (Plan de Vida) implemented by the "resguardo" and its Association of Indigenous Authorities (Aticoya) and its role as apolitical tool for the construction of a community-owned development. This was made possible by the Colombian Political Constitution of 1991, which recognized the indigenous territories as national entities and allowed them to receive funds from the centyral state in order to implement their own development projects. Finally, the thesis analyses the projects promoted by the "resguardo" and their possibilities to achieve ownership of their development by the communities.PARIS-Médiathèque MQB (751132304) / SudocSudocFranceF

Aproximación cuantitativa a la organización social de los ticuna del trapecio amazónico colombiano

This paper argues that ticuna identity is based on terms of belongin to a clan (which they call nacao= nation). These clans are clustered in two moieties: the earth and air clans. The Ticunas have a hierarchical society that can be interpreted under the model of the house society. The clans have a prescriptive marriage that favors the endogamous control of territories and settlements. Although the marriage system is denominated a hypertotemic exogamous moiety, there is no significant exchange of Jemales between villages. Two kinds of settlements exist in the Trapecio, one defined as the indigenous village and the other as the multiethnic village. In the case of the indigenous village, the hierarchical structure and the domination of one clan over the others is clear. In the case of the multiethnic village, new conflicts of power and different forms of social inequality develop.En este artículo se sostiene que la identidad ticuna se define en términos de pertenencia a un clan -denominados por ellos nacao = nación- y que los clanes se organizan en dos mitades: los de tierra y los de aire. Se plantea que los ticuna constituyen una sociedad jerarquizada y su organización social puede ser interpretada bajo el modelo de sociedad de casas. El estudio también revela la existencia actual de dos tipos de asentamientos: el primero se reconoce como aldea indígena y el segundo como aldea multiétnica. En el caso de las aldeas indígenas, es clara la existencia de una estructura jerárquica y el dominio de un clan sobre los otros. En el caso de las aldeas multiétnicas han surgido nuevos conflictos de poder y diferentes formas de desarrollo desigual

Planes de desarrollo y planes de vida: ¿diálogo de saberes?

This article explores the possibilities of establishing knowledge sharing between governmental development plans and the “life plans” (planes de vida) made by indigenous organizations, in particular the life plan of the Asociación de Autoridades Indígenas del Resguardo Tikuna, Cocama, Yagua (Aticoya), municipality of Puerto Nariño, Amazonas, Colombia. Colombia’s Constitution of 1991 created the ETI (Entidad Territorial Indígena,“indigenous territorial entity”) as a territorial unit, just like municipalities, departments, and districts. This means that indigenous reservations (or “reserves” or “preserves”) and associations should manage public funds, for which they must design a life plan. This inclusion and recognition of indigenous peoples entails that those life plans should articulate with the municipal, departmental, and national development plans. The article illustrates this situation by comparing two welfare programs –Resa (Red de Seguridad Alimentaria “Food Security Network”) and Familias Guardabosques (“Forest Ranger Families”)– and two income-generating productive and service (tourism) projects carried out by Aticoya and the local indigenous councils of communities on the Amazon and Loretoyacu Rivers.El artículo explora las posibilidades de establecer un diálogo de saberes entre los planes de desarrollo estatales y los planes de vida elaborados por las organizaciones indígenas, en particular el plan de vida de la Asociación de autoridades indígenas del resguardo Tikuna, Cocama, Yagua (Aticoya), municipio de Puerto Nariño, Amazonas, Colombia. La Constitución de 1991 incluyó la ETI (Entidad territorial indígena) como una entidad territorial de orden constitucional tal como el municipio, el departamento y el distrito. Esto implica que los resguardos y las asociaciones indígenas manejen recursos públicos para lo cual deben diseñar un plan de vida. Esta inclusión y reconocimiento de los pueblos indígenas conlleva al hecho de que los planes de vida se deben articular con los planes de desarrollo nacional, departamental y municipal. El artículo ilustra esta situación, mediante la comparación entre dos programas asistencialistas estatales –Resa (Red de Seguridad Alimentaria) y Familias Guardabosques– y los proyectos productivos y de servicios (turismo) ejecutados por Aticoya y los cabildos de las comunidades de los ríos Amazonas y Loretoyacu

Development Plans and Life Plans: Knowledge Sharing?

El artículo explora las posibilidades de establecer un diálogo de saberes entre los planes de desarrollo estatales y los planes de vida elaborados por las organizaciones indígenas, en particular el plan de vida de la Asociación de autoridades indígenas del resguardo Tikuna, Cocama, Yagua (Aticoya), municipio de Puerto Nariño, Amazonas, Colombia. La Constitución de 1991 incluyó la ETI (Entidad territorial indígena) como una entidad territorial de orden constitucional tal como el municipio, el departamento y el distrito. Esto implica que los resguardos y las asociaciones indígenas manejen recursos públicos para lo cual deben diseñar un plan de vida. Esta inclusión y reconocimiento de los pueblos indígenas conlleva al hecho de que los planes de vida se deben articular con los planes de desarrollo nacional, departamental y municipal. El artículo ilustra esta situación, mediante la comparación entre dos programas asistencialistas estatales –Resa (Red de Seguridad Alimentaria) y Familias Guardabosques– y los proyectos productivos y de servicios (turismo) ejecutados por Aticoya y los cabildos de las comunidades de los ríos Amazonas y Loretoyacu.This article explores the possibilities of establishing knowledge sharing between governmental development plans and the “life plans” (planes de vida) made by indigenous organizations, in particular the life plan of the Asociación de Autoridades Indígenas del Resguardo Tikuna, Cocama, Yagua (Aticoya), municipality of Puerto Nariño, Amazonas, Colombia. Colombia’s Constitution of 1991 created the ETI (Entidad Territorial Indígena,“indigenous territorial entity”) as a territorial unit, just like municipalities, departments, and districts. This means that indigenous reservations (or “reserves” or “preserves”) and associations should manage public funds, for which they must design a life plan. This inclusion and recognition of indigenous peoples entails that those life plans should articulate with the municipal, departmental, and national development plans. The article illustrates this situation by comparing two welfare programs –Resa (Red de Seguridad Alimentaria “Food Security Network”) and Familias Guardabosques (“Forest Ranger Families”)– and two income-generating productive and service (tourism) projects carried out by Aticoya and the local indigenous councils of communities on the Amazon and Loretoyacu Rivers