Peranan Usahatani Tembakau di Berbagai Agro Ekosistem terhadap Pendapatan Petani dan Kesempatan Kerja di Kabupaten Sampang, Jawa Timur

Penelitian peranan USAhatani tembakau di berbagai agro ekosistem terhadap pendapatan petani dan kesempatan kerja dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Sampang Jawa Timur musim tanam 2009/2010 menggunakan metode survei. Obyek penelitian adalah USAhatani di lahan tembakau dalam satu siklus USAhatani selama satu tahun. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui: (1) tingkat pendapatan USAhatani di berbagai agro ekosistem, (2) kontribusi USAhatani tembakau terhadap pendapatan petani, dan (3) peranan USAhatani tembakau terhadap penyerapan tenaga kerja. Lokasi penelitian di 12 desa dari 6 kecamatan sentra produksi tembakau. Petani contoh adalah petani tembakau di tiga agro ekosistem (sawah, tegal, dan gunung/perbukitan) yang menanam tembakau dengan sistem pergiliran tanaman. Dari ketiga agro ekosistem teridentifikasi ada 5 tipe pola tanam dominan. Dari 5 tipe pola tanam yang tersebut, masing-masing dipilih dan ditetapkan secara acak sederhana (sampling random sample) sebanyak 10 petani contoh, sehingga secara keseluruhan terpilih 50 petani contoh sebagai responden (20 petani tembakau sawah, 10 petani tembakau tegal, dan 20 petani tembakau gunung/perbukitan). Data komponen kegiatan USAhatani dianalisis menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dan analisis USAhatani enterprise. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, USAhatani di lahan sawah, tegal dan gunung/perbukitan dalam satu siklus USAhatani, masing-masing menghasilkan pendapatan Rp 6.192.354,00, Rp 7.162.827,00, dan Rp 5.508.954,00. Total pendapatan ini diperoleh dari USAhatani tembakau sebesar Rp 4.978.437,00, Rp 5.233.159,00, dan Rp 3.460.058,00. Usahatani tembakau pada masing-masing agro ekosistem memberikan kontribusi pendapatan sebesar 80 %, 73 %, dan 63 % dan penyerapan tenaga kerja 59 %, 67 %, dan 76 %. Kontribusi pendapatan dan serapan tenaga kerja yang relatif tinggi menunjukkan bahwa USAhatani tembakau memiliki keunggulan komparatif terhadap USAhatani padi dan palawija di lahan tradisional tembakau. Kondisi ini mendorong eksistensi pengembangan USAhatani tembakau secara berkelanjutan

Photo-physical properties of He-related color centers in diamond

Diamond is a promising platform for the development of technological applications in quantum optics and photonics. The quest for color centers with optimal photo-physical properties has led in recent years to the search for novel impurity-related defects in this material. Here, we report on a systematic investigation of the photo-physical properties of two He-related (HR) emission lines at 535 nm and 560 nm created in three different diamond substrates upon implantation with 1.3 MeV He+ ions and subsequent annealing. The spectral features of the HR centers were studied in an "optical grade" diamond substrate as a function of several physical parameters, namely the measurement temperature, the excitation wavelength and the intensity of external electric fields. The emission lifetimes of the 535 nm and 560 nm lines were also measured by means of time-gated photoluminescence measurements, yielding characteristic decay times of (29 +- 5) ns and (106 +- 10) ns, respectively. The Stark shifting of the HR centers under the application of an external electrical field was observed in a CVD diamond film equipped with buried graphitic electrodes, suggesting a lack of inversion symmetry in the defects' structure. Furthermore, the photoluminescence mapping under 405 nm excitation of a "detector grade" diamond sample implanted at a 1x1010 cm-2 He+ ion fluence enabled to identify the spectral features of both the HR emission lines from the same localized optical spots. The reported results provide a first insight towards the understanding of the structure of He-related defects in diamond and their possible utilization in practical applicationsComment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Accounting and governance in the final years of the Papal States: Dual roles in the papacy of Pius IX (1846–1870)

The Papal States represent a unique and long period in Italian government and in the government of the Roman Catholic Church prior to Italy's unification in 1870. The 25-year period prior to unification was a particularly tumultuous period when the Papal States struggled for survival, faced military and popular challenges and became increasingly indebted. Accounting could become an important tool to assist decision-making and enhance the Papal States' sustainability, as shown by the governance reforms promulgated by Pope Pius IX in this period. Nevertheless, accountants chose what to make visible and emphasised secular, rather than the sacred aspects of the Papal States. Despite reforms, there was a disconnection between the leaders and the accountants. This research therefore examines the role of accounting in such an institution, and extends the concept of a sacred-secular divide to a state government beset by resource constraints and challenged to fulfil its spiritual aims

Gate-source distance scaling effects in H-terminated diamond MESFETs

In this paper, an analysis of gate-source and gate-drain scaling effects in MESFETs fabricated on hydrogen-terminated single-crystal diamond films is reported. The experimental results show that a decrease in gate-source spacing can improve the device performance by increasing the device output current density and its transconductance. On the contrary, the gate--drain distance produces less pronounced effects on device performance. Breakdown voltage, knee voltage, and threshold voltage variations due to changes in gate-source and drain-source distances have also been investigated. The obtained results can be used as a design guideline for the layout optimization of H-terminated diamond-based MESFETs

On the measurement uncertainty of microdosimetric quantities using diamond and silicon microdosimeters in carbon-ion beams

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to compare the response of two different types of solid-state microdosimeters, that is, silicon and diamond, and their uncertainties. A study of the conversion of silicon microdosimetric spectra to the diamond equivalent for microdosimeters with different geometry of the sensitive volumes is performed, including the use of different stopping power databases. Method: Diamond and silicon microdosimeters were irradiated under the same conditions, aligned at the same depth in a carbon-ion beam at the MedAustron ion therapy center. In order to estimate the microdosimetric quantities, the readout electronic linearity was investigated with three different methods, that is, the first being a single linear regression, the second consisting of a double linear regression with a channel transition and last a multiple linear regression by splitting the data into odd and even groups. The uncertainty related to each of these methods was estimated as well. The edge calibration was performed using the intercept with the horizontal axis of the tangent through the inflection point of the Fermi function approximation multi-channel analyzer spectrum. It was assumed that this point corresponds to the maximum energy difference of particle traversing the sensitive volume (SV) for which the residual range difference in the continuous slowing down approximation is equal to the thickness of the SV of the microdosimeter. Four material conversion methods were explored, the edge method, the density method, the maximum-deposition energy method and the bin-by-bin transformation method. The uncertainties of the microdosimetric quantities resulting from the linearization, the edge calibration and the detectors thickness were also estimated. Results: It was found that the double linear regression had the lowest uncertainty for both microdosimeters. The propagated standard (k = 1) uncertainties on the frequency-mean lineal energy y¯F${\bar{y}}_{\rm{F}}$ and the dose-mean lineal energy y¯D${\bar{y}}_{\rm{D}}$ values from the marker point, in the spectra, in the plateau were 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively, for the diamond microdosimeter, whilst for the silicon microdosimeter data converted to diamond, the uncertainty was estimated to be 0.1%. In the range corresponding to the 90% of the amplitude of the Bragg Peak at the distal part of the Bragg curve (R90 ) the uncertainty was found to be 0.1%. The uncertainty propagation from the stopping power tables was estimated to be between 5% and 7% depending on the method. The uncertainty on the y¯F${\bar{y}}_{\rm{F}}$ and y¯D${\bar{y}}_{\rm{D}}$ coming from the thickness of the detectors varied between 0.3% and 0.5%. Conclusion: This article demonstrate that the linearity of the readout electronics affects the microdosimetric spectra with a difference in y¯F${\bar{y}}_{\rm{F}}$ values between the different linearization methods of up to 17.5%. The combined uncertainty was dominated by the uncertainty of stopping power on the edge

Neutron spectrometer for fast nuclear reactors

In this paper we describe the development and first tests of a neutron spectrometer designed for high flux environments, such as the ones found in fast nuclear reactors. The spectrometer is based on the conversion of neutrons impinging on $^6$Li into $\alpha$ and $t$ whose total energy comprises the initial neutron energy and the reaction $Q$-value. The $^6$LiF layer is sandwiched between two CVD diamond detectors, which measure the two reaction products in coincidence. The spectrometer was calibrated at two neutron energies in well known thermal and 3 MeV neutron fluxes. The measured neutron detection efficiency varies from 4.2$\times 10^{-4}$ to 3.5$\times 10^{-8}$ for thermal and 3 MeV neutrons, respectively. These values are in agreement with Geant4 simulations and close to simple estimates based on the knowledge of the $^6$Li(n,$\alpha$)$t$ cross section. The energy resolution of the spectrometer was found to be better than 100 keV when using 5 m cables between the detector and the preamplifiers.Comment: submitted to NI

Trapianto eterotopico addominale di cuore con funzione di assistenza ventricolare sinistra

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Development of On-Line Tritium Monitor Based Upon Artificial Diamond for Fusion Applications

In this paper a novel on-line tritium monitor is presented. It is made with a single crystal diamond detector (SCD) covered with a thin layer of LiF 95% enriched in ⁶Li. Thermal neutrons impinging on the LiF layer produce α and T ions which are detected by the active diamond. The pulse height spectrum shows two separated peaks due to α and T ions respectively. By a proper calibration in a reference thermal flux the number of ⁶Li atoms and thus the absolute n+⁶Li→α+T reaction rate per unitary flux can be established. Once calibrated the detector can be used to measure the tritium production. Due to the many outstanding properties of diamond this detector could operate in the harsh working conditions of a fusion breeding blanket. A test of this detector was performed at the 14 MeV Frascati Neutron Generator (FNG). The detector was inserted inside a mock-up of the European Helium Cooled Lithium Lead (HCLL) Tritium Blanket Module (TBM), designed to validate the neutronic database for fusion application. The mock-up of the TBM was designed to perform a full set of experiments to validate tritium production code prediction comparing the experimental results with calculations. The measured tritium rates with the Li-Diamond detector are described in this paper. Comparison with calculations is in progress and will be reported in a future paper

Numerical modelling for analysing drainage in irregular profile pipes using OpenFOAM

[EN] Different methods of two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical resolution models have been used to predict the air¿water interaction in pipe systems in the early twenty-first century, where reliable and adequate results have been obtained when compared with experimental results. However, the study of the drainage process in pressurized systems with air admitted through openings has not been studied using this type of model due to the complexity that this represents. In this research, a two-dimensional numerical model is developed in the open-source software OpenFOAM; this model represents the drainage of an irregular pipe with air admitted by an air valve, defined by a structured mesh. A validation of the numerical model related to the air admitted by the variation of the air valve diameter is also performed.Paternina-Verona, DA.; Coronado-Hernández, OE.; Fuertes-Miquel, VS. (2022). Numerical modelling for analysing drainage in irregular profile pipes using OpenFOAM. Urban Water Journal. 19(6):569-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2022.205092956957819