Dominant Role of PI3K p110α over p110β in Insulin and β-Adrenergic Receptor Signalling

Attribution of specific roles to the two ubiquitously expressed PI 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms p110α and p110β in biological functions they have been implicated, such as in insulin signalling, has been challenging. While p110α has been demonstrated to be the principal isoform activated downstream of the insulin receptor, several studies have provided evidence for a role of p110β. Here we have used isoform-selective inhibitors to estimate the relative contribution of each of these isoforms in insulin signalling in adipocytes, which are a cell type with essential roles in regulation of metabolism at the systemic level. Consistent with previous genetic and pharmacological studies, we found that p110α is the principal isoform activated downstream of the insulin receptor under physiological conditions. p110α interaction with Ras enhanced the strength of p110α activation by insulin. However, this interaction did not account for the selectivity for p110α over p110β in insulin signalling. We also demonstrate that p110α is the principal isoform activated downstream of the β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR), another important signalling pathway in metabolic regulation, through a mechanism involving activation of the cAMP effector molecule EPAC1. This study offers further insights in the role of PI3K isoforms in the regulation of energy metabolism with implications for the therapeutic application of selective inhibitors of these isoforms

APP LAGOA ENCANTADA: CAMINHOS PARA O RECONHECIMENTO ACADÊMICO E PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL

We present a point of view on the importance of Permanent Protection Area Lagoa Encantada regarding academic research and sustainable development. The area is situated in the metropolitan region of Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, and is composed by four Atlantic Forest’s phytophysiognomies: swampy vegetation, dense ombrophylous forest, rocky outcrops and mangrove, prevailing the swampy vegetation. We present the current knowledge on the vegetation composition, the anthropic impacts suffered, challenges to study the area, and list possibilities focused on research and sustainable development in the region with the implementation of a conservation unit.Keywords: wetlands, swamp, Atlantic Forest, Espírito Santo, conservation unit.Apresentamos um ponto de vista sobre a importância da Área de Proteção Permanente da Lagoa Encantada nos âmbitos de pesquisa acadêmica e desenvolvimento sustentável. A área situa-se na região metropolitana da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil, e é composta por quatro fitofisionomias de Floresta Atlântica: vegetação brejosa, floresta ombrófila densa, vegetação rupestre e manguezal, sendo a vegetação brejosa predominante. Apresentamos o conhecimento atual sobre a composição vegetacional da área, impactos antrópicos sofridos, desafios ao seu estudo e relacionamos possibilidades de pesquisa e voltadas para o desenvolvimento sustentável da região com a implementação de uma unidade de conservação.Palavras-chave: áreas úmidas, brejo, Floresta Atlântica, Espírito Santo, unidade de conservação

Conservação de Recursos Genéticos Microbianos nas Coleções da Embrapa.

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A mutant of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum with enhanced submerged conidiation.

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Evaluation of Microbial Biomass in Agroforestry Systems Using Forage Cactus and \u3ci\u3eLeucaena leucocephala\u3c/i\u3e and \u3ci\u3eGliricidia sepium\u3c/i\u3e

Vegetation type can affect soil microbiology in agroforestry systems. Plants release different organic exudates in the rhizosphere, affecting microbial growth. This study evaluated the effect of forage cactus intercropped with different tree legumes on soil microbial biomass. The research was performed in a tropical semiarid Regosol at Caruaru Experimental Station, Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil. Treatments included: i) Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud and forage cactus IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck); and ii) Leucaena leucocephala [Lam.] de Wit.) and forage cactus IPA-Sertânia. Treatments were allocated in a randomized complete block design in a split-split-plot scheme, with four replications. Main plots consisted of agroforestry system, split-plot was the distance from tree rows, and split-split-plot soil depths. Organic fertilization with cattle manure was applied aiming a rate of 200 kg N ha-1. Tree legumes were planted in double rows spaced 9 x 1 x 0.5 m and cactus planted between double rows spaced by 1 x 0.25 m. Plot size measured 960 m2. Soil collection occurred in the rainy period (April 2019). Samples were collected at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm at 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 m away from legume rows. Response variables included soil basal respiration (SBR), microbial biomass C (C-mic), and metabolic quotient (qCO2). Data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance. No significant difference was observed for SBR, MBC, and qCO2, with average values of 9.36, 202.98, and 0.05, and standard error 1.16, 10.90 and 0.01, respectively, in the different distances away from tree legumes. Introduction of arboreal legumes did not cause changes in microbial biomass. Microbial activity was similar in soils under forage cactus intercropped with Leucaena or Gliricidia

Sobrexploração de Philodendron spiritus-sancti G.S.Bunting e a necessidade de implantação de uma política para a conservação de imbés

We present an opinion article contextualizing the current situation of Philodendron spiritus-sancti, an emblematic and endangered species of Araceae, endemic to the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo and highly targeted in the ornamental plant trade. We discuss how the distance between researchers and the civil society difficults the aquisition of information about the species and, consequently, its conservation. Furthermore, we briefly present some considerations to implement a conservation policy for the group.Presentamos un artículo de opinión que contextualiza la situación actual de Philodendron spiritus-sancti, una especie emblemática y amenazada de Araceae, endémica del estado de Espírito Santo y muy buscada en el comercio de plantas ornamentales. Discutimos cómo la distancia entre los investigadores y la sociedad civil dificulta la adquisición de información sobre la especie y, en consecuencia, su conservación. Además, presentamos brevemente algunas consideraciones para la implementación de una política de conservación del grupo.Apresentamos um artigo de opinião contextualizando a atual situação de Philodendron spiritus-sancti, uma espécie de Araceae emblemática e ameaçada de extinção, endêmica do estado do Espírito Santo e altamente visada no comércio de plantas ornamentais. Discutimos como o distanciamento entre pesquisadores e a sociedade civil dificulta a aquisição de informações sobre a espécie e, consequentemente, sua conservação. Além disso, apresentamos brevemente algumas considerações voltadas à implementação de uma política de conservação para o grupo

Trichoderma from Brazilian garlic and onion crop soils and description of two new species: Trichoderma azevedoi and Trichoderma peberdyi.

Fifty four Trichoderma strains were isolated from soil samples collected from garlic and onion crops in eight different sites in Brazil and were identified using phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS region, tef1-α, cal, act and rpb2 sequences. The genetic variability of the recovered Trichoderma species was analysed by AFLP and their phenotypic variability determined using MALDI-TOF. The strain clusters from both typing techniques coincided with the taxonomic determinations made from phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic analysis showed the occurrence of Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma asperelloides, Trichoderma afroharzianum, Trichoderma hamatum, Trichoderma lentiforme, Trichoderma koningiopsis, Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Trichoderma erinaceum, in the soil samples. We also identified and describe two new Trichoderma species, both in the harzianum clade of section Pachybasium, which we have named Trichoderma azevedoi sp. nov. and Trichoderma peberdyi sp. nov. The examined strains of both T. azevedoi (three strains) and T. peberdyi (12 strains) display significant genotypic and phenotypic variability, but form monophyletic clades with strong bootstrap and posterior probability support and are morphologically distinct from their respective most closely related species