Contributions to the cross shock electric field at supercritical perpendicular shocks: Impact of the pickup ions

A particle-in-cell code is used to examine contributions of the pickup ions (PIs) and the solar wind ions (SWs) to the cross shock electric field at the supercritical, perpendicular shocks. The code treats the pickup ions self-consistently as a third component. Herein, two different runs with relative pickup ion density of 25% and 55% are presented in this paper. Present preliminary results show that: (1) in the low percentage (25%) pickup ion case, the shock front is nonstationary. During the evolution of this perpendicular shock, a nonstationary foot resulting from the reflected solar wind ions is formed in front of the old ramp, and its amplitude becomes larger and larger. At last, the nonstationary foot grows up into a new ramp and exceeds the old one. Such a nonstationary process can be formed periodically. hen the new ramp begins to be formed in front of the old ramp, the Hall term mainly contributed by the solar wind ions becomes more and more important. The electric field Ex is dominated by the Hall term when the new ramp exceeds the old one. Furthermore, an extended and stationary foot in pickup ion gyro-scale is located upstream of the nonstationary/self-reforming region within the shock front, and is always dominated by the Lorentz term contributed by the pickup ions; (2) in the high percentage (55%) pickup ion case, the amplitude of the stationary foot is increased as expected. One striking point is that the nonstationary region of the shock front evidenced by the self-reformation disappears. Instead, a stationary extended foot dominated by Lorentz term contributed by the pickup ions, and a tationary ramp dominated by Hall term contributed by the solar wind ions are clearly evidenced. The significance of the cross electric field on ion dynamics is also discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figs and 1 table. This paper will be published in the journal: Astrophysics and Space Scienc

RESULTS OF THE PHARMACOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF A PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATED 7-VALENT VACCINE FOR PREVENTION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN DURING FIRST 5 YEARS OF LIFE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article discusses the first results of a pharmacoeconomic analysis of the efficacy of using the Pneumococcal conjugated 7-valent vaccine (PCV7) for immunization of children aged 2 months to 5 years in Russia using techniques for modeling various approaches to cohort immunization. It shows clinical and economic efficacy of implementing routine immunization in children during first 5 years against pneumococcal infection using PCV7 given direct and indirect costs. It justifies the expediency of incorporating vaccination against pneumococcal infection in children aged 2 months up into the Russian National Immunization Schedule.Key words: pharmacoeconomic analysis, children during first 5 years of life, vaccination, pneumococcal conjugated 7-valent vaccin

RESULTS OF THE PHARMACOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF A PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATED 7-VALENT VACCINE FOR PREVENTION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN DURING FIRST 5 YEARS OF LIFE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article discusses the first results of a pharmacoeconomic analysis of the efficacy of using the Pneumococcal conjugated 7-valent vaccine (PCV7) for immunization of children aged 2 months to 5 years in Russia using techniques for modeling various approaches to cohort immunization. It shows clinical and economic efficacy of implementing routine immunization in children during first 5 years against pneumococcal infection using PCV7 given direct and indirect costs. It justifies the expediency of incorporating vaccination against pneumococcal infection in children aged 2 months up into the Russian National Immunization Schedule.Key words: pharmacoeconomic analysis, children during first 5 years of life, vaccination, pneumococcal conjugated 7-valent vaccin

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ФАРМАКОЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ПНЕВМОКОККОВОЙ КОНЪЮГИРОВАННОЙ 7-ВАЛЕНТНОЙ ВАКЦИНЫ ДЛЯ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ ПНЕВМОКОККОВЫХ ИНФЕКЦИЙ У ДЕТЕЙ ПЕРВЫХ 5 ЛЕТ ЖИЗНИ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article discusses the first results of a pharmacoeconomic analysis of the efficacy of using the Pneumococcal conjugated 7-valent vaccine (PCV7) for immunization of children aged 2 months to 5 years in Russia using techniques for modeling various approaches to cohort immunization. It shows clinical and economic efficacy of implementing routine immunization in children during first 5 years against pneumococcal infection using PCV7 given direct and indirect costs. It justifies the expediency of incorporating vaccination against pneumococcal infection in children aged 2 months up into the Russian National Immunization Schedule.Key words: pharmacoeconomic analysis, children during first 5 years of life, vaccination, pneumococcal conjugated 7-valent vaccineВ статье приведены первые результаты фармакоэкономического анализа эффективности применения пневмококковой конъюгированной 7-валентной вакцины (ПКВ7) для иммунизации детей в возрасте от 2 мес до 5 лет в России с использованием методов моделирования различных подходов к когортной иммунизации. Показана клинико-экономическая эффективность внедрения рутинной иммунизации детей первых 5 лет жизни против пневмококковой инфекции с использованием ПКВ7 с учетом прямых и непрямых затрат. Обоснована целесообразность включения вакцинации против пневмококковой инфекции детей с возраста 2 мес в Российский национальный календарь иммунизации.Ключевые слова: фармакоэкономический анализ, вакцинация, пневмококковая конъюгированная 7-валетная вакцина, Национальный календарь иммунизации России. (Педиатрическая фармакология. – 2009;6(6): 6-10

The Dynamic Quasiperpendicular Shock: Cluster Discoveries

The physics of collisionless shocks is a very broad topic which has been studied for more than five decades. However, there are a number of important issues which remain unresolved. The energy repartition amongst particle populations in quasiperpendicular shocks is a multi-scale process related to the spatial and temporal structure of the electromagnetic fields within the shock layer. The most important processes take place in the close vicinity of the major magnetic transition or ramp region. The distribution of electromagnetic fields in this region determines the characteristics of ion reflection and thus defines the conditions for ion heating and energy dissipation for supercritical shocks and also the region where an important part of electron heating takes place. All of these processes are crucially dependent upon the characteristic spatial scales of the ramp and foot region provided that the shock is stationary. The earliest studies of collisionless shocks identified nonlinearity, dissipation, and dispersion as the processes that arrest the steepening of the shock transition. Their relative role determines the scales of electric and magnetic fields, and so control the characteristics of processes such as of ion reflection, electron heating and particle acceleration. The purpose of this review is to address a subset of unresolved problems in collisionless shock physics from experimental point of view making use multi-point observations onboard Cluster satellites. The problems we address are determination of scales of fields and of a scale of electron heating, identification of energy source of precursor wave train, an estimate of the role of anomalous resistivity in energy dissipation process by means of measuring short scale wave fields, and direct observation of reformation process during one single shock front crossing