On the Wilson loop in the dual representation within the dual Higgs model with dual Dirac strings

The vacuum expectation value of the Wilson loop in the dual representation is calculated in the dual Higgs model with dual Dirac strings. It is shown that the averaged value of the Wilson loop in the dual representation obeys the area-law falloff. Quantum fluctuations of the dual-vector and the Higgs field around Abrikosov flux lines induced by dual Dirac strings in a dual superconducting vacuum and string shape fluctuations are taken into account.Comment: 9 pages, latex, no figure

The complex variability of blazars: time-scales and periodicity analysis in S4 0954+65

Among active galactic nuclei, blazars show extreme variability properties. We here investigate the case of the BL Lac object S4 0954+65 with data acquired in 2019–2020 by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (WEBT) Collaboration. The 2-min cadence optical light curves provided by TESS during three observing sectors of nearly 1 month each allow us to study the fast variability in great detail. We identify several characteristic short-term time-scales, ranging from a few hours to a few days. However, these are not persistent, as they differ in the various TESS sectors. The long-term photometric and polarimetric optical and radio monitoring undertaken by the WEBT brings significant additional information, revealing that (i) in the optical, long-term flux changes are almost achromatic, while the short-term ones are strongly chromatic; (ii) the radio flux variations at 37 GHz follow those in the optical with a delay of about 3 weeks; (iii) the range of variation of the polarization degree and angle is much larger in the optical than in the radio band, but the mean polarization angles are similar; (iv) the optical long-term variability is characterized by a quasi-periodicity of about 1 month. We explain the source behaviour in terms of a rotating inhomogeneous helical jet, whose pitch angle can change in time.Accepted manuscrip

Multiwavelength behaviour of the blazar 3C 279: decade-long study from γ-ray to radio

We report the results of decade-long (2008–2018) γ-ray to 1 GHz radio monitoring of the blazar 3C 279, including GASP/WEBT, Fermi and Swift data, as well as polarimetric and spectroscopic data. The X-ray and γ-ray light curves correlate well, with no delay ≳ 3 h, implying general cospatiality of the emission regions. The γ-ray–optical flux–flux relation changes with activity state, ranging from a linear to a more complex dependence. The behaviour of the Stokes parameters at optical and radio wavelengths, including 43 GHz Very Long Baseline Array images, supports either a predominantly helical magnetic field or motion of the radiating plasma along a spiral path. Apparent speeds of emission knots range from 10 to 37c, with the highest values requiring bulk Lorentz factors close to those needed to explain γ-ray variability on very short time-scales. The Mg ii emission line flux in the ‘blue’ and ‘red’ wings correlates with the optical synchrotron continuum flux density, possibly providing a variable source of seed photons for inverse Compton scattering. In the radio bands, we find progressive delays of the most prominent light-curve maxima with decreasing frequency, as expected from the frequency dependence of the τ = 1 surface of synchrotron self-absorption. The global maximum in the 86 GHz light curve becomes less prominent at lower frequencies, while a local maximum, appearing in 2014, strengthens toward decreasing frequencies, becoming pronounced at ∼5 GHz. These tendencies suggest different Doppler boosting of stratified radio-emitting zones in the jet.First author draf

VLF-Noise in the Dayside Polar Cusp

VLF-noise measurements at several Antarctic ground stations (Mirny, Sleightrain and Vostok) are used as diagnostic of the parameters of the solar wind particles penetrating in the polar cusp region. The observed results revealed the higher level radiation zone in the dayside polar cusp region (geomagnetic latitude ∿79°) when Kp≤3; two maxima of the daily intensity of VLF noise occur around 12 h and 18 h (local magnetic time). The coincidence in time of the VLF noise growth with soft electrons precipitation probability maxima indicates that VLF noise in the dayside polar cusp is generated by precipitating soft electrons

АКУШЕРСКИЕ И ПЕРИНАТАЛЬНЫЕ ИСХОДЫ У БЕРЕМЕННЫХ С САХАРНЫМ ДИАБЕТОМ 2-ГО ТИПА

Background: In the last years, an increase in numbers of pregnant patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been observed. Nevertheless, obstetricians/gynecologists and endocrinologists are not sufficiently aware of this problem. Aim: To analyze specific features of pregnancy course and outcomes in female patients with T2DM. Materials and methods: We performed a retrospective and prospective analysis of specific characteristics of pregnancy course and outcomes in 70 females with T2DM who were seen from 2008 to 2013. These 70 patients delivered 72 babies (including two twins). Results: Seventeen (24.3%) patients in their past history had perinatal losses or disability of babies. 81.4% of patients were obese. Twenty seven (38.6%) patients had arterial hypertension. Thirty (41.3%) patients had good diabetes control pre-pregnancy, whereas others were sub-optimally or poorly controlled. At trimester I, 45 (64.3%) of patients were treated with oral hypoglycemic agents. Thirteen (18.6%) of patients were hydramniotic and 4 (5.7%) were olygoamniotic. Mild gestosis was observed in 12, moderate, in 10 and severe, in 2 patients. Preterm delivery was performed in 9 (12.9%) of patients, among them in 5 cases due to a critical state of the fetus. Natural deliveries occurred in 34 (48.6%) of females. Deliveries of big fetuses were observed in 10 (13.9%) of cases. Thirty four (47%) of newborns had diabetic fetopathy, 4 (5.5%) had birth trauma. The rate of congenital abnormalities was 9.7%. All patients whose babies had congenital abnormalities, had concepted while taking sensitizers, and 7 of them were poorly controlled by that time. Any unfavorable perinatal outcome was registered in 32%. Conclusion: Female patients with T2DM have a high frequency of unfavorable perinatal outcomes (birth defects, disability in babies, prolonged intensive care in the neonatal period), and among complications of pregnancy, a high rate of gestosis (in particular in patients with baseline arterial hypertension). Improvement of perinatal and obstetric outcomes would require an optimization of management of such patients. Thus, it is reasonable to establish a multi-disciplinary team of specialists, including obstetrician/gynecologists, endocrinologists, internists and neonatologists, on the bases of centers for perinatal care or multifield hospitals with big in-patient department of obstetrics.Актуальность. В последние годы наблюдается рост числа беременных с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа (СД 2 типа). Тем не менее акушеры-гинекологи и эндокринологи недостаточно осведомлены об этой проблеме. Цель – проанализировать особенности течения беременности и ее исходы у женщин с СД 2 типа. Материал и методы. Ретро- и проспективно проанализированы особенности течения беременности и ее исходы у 70 женщин с СД 2 типа, наблюдавшихся в период с 2008 по 2013 г. Всего у 70 женщин родились 72 ребенка (было 2 двойни). Результаты. У 17 (24,3%) пациенток в анамнезе имелись перинатальные потери или инвалидизация детей. У 81,4% было ожирение, 27 (38,6%) пациенток страдали артериальной гипертонией. До наступления беременности у 30 (41,3%) пациенток диабет был компенсирован, у остальных – суб- или декомпенсирован. 45 (64,3%) пациенток в I триместре получали пероральные сахароснижающие препараты. Многоводие отмечалось в 13 (18,6%) наблюдениях, маловодие – в 4 (5,7%). Гестоз легкой степени развился у 12, средней – у 10, тяжелой – у 2. Досрочное родоразрешение было проведено у 9 (12,9%) пациенток, из них у 5 в связи с критическим состоянием плода. Роды через естественные родовые пути произошли у 34 (48,6%) женщин. Роды крупным плодом отмечались в 10 (13,9%) случаях. У 34 (47%) новорожденных была диабетическая фетопатия, у 4 (5,5%) – родовая травма. Частота врожденных пороков развития составила 9,7%. У всех пациенток, дети которых имели врожденные пороки развития, беременность наступила на фоне приема сенситайзеров, у 7 из них в этот период СД 2 типа не был компенсирован. Неудовлетворительный перинатальный исход составил 32%. Заключение. У женщин с СД 2 типа отмечается высокая частота неудовлетворительных перинатальных исходов (врожденные пороки развития, инвалидизация детей, длительное реанимационное лечение в неонатальном периоде), а из осложнений беременности – гестоза (особенно у пациенток с исходной артериальной гипертонией). Для улучшения перинатальных и акушерских исходов требуется оптимизация тактики ведения таких пациенток. В этой связи целесообразным представляется создание междисциплинарной команды специалистов, объединяющей акушеров-гинекологов, эндокринологов, терапевтов и неонатологов, на базе перинатальных центров или многопрофильных больниц, имеющих крупные акушерские стационары