Light scattering by optically anisotropic scatterers II: T--matrix computations for radially and uniformly anisotropic droplets

This is the second paper in a series on light scattering from optically anisotropic scatterers embedded in an isotropic medium. The apparently complex T-matrix theory involving mixing of angular momentum components turns out to be an efficient approach to calculating scattering in these systems. We present preliminary results of numerical calculations of the scattering by spherical droplets in some simple cases. The droplets contain optically anisotropic material with local radial or uniform anisotropy. We concentrate on cases in which the scattering is due only to the local optical anisotropy within the scatterer. For radial anisotropy we find non-monotonic dependence of the scattering cross-section on the degree of anisotropy can occur in a regime for which both the Rayleigh and semi-classical theories are inapplicable. For uniform anisotropy the cross-section is strongly dependent on the angle between the incident light and the optical axis, and for larger droplets this dependence is non-monotonic.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, uses RevTex

Numerical modelling of light propagation in surface plasmon resonance sensor with liquid crystal

The five-layer nanorod-mediated surface plasmon sensor with inhomogeneous liquid crystal layer was theoretically investigated. The reflectance as the function of the incident angle was calculated at different voltages applied to the liquid crystal (LC) for different analyte refractive indices. By changing the LC director orientation one can control the position of the reflective dips and choose the one that is the most sensitive to the analyte refractive index. At the chosen angle of incidence, the analyte refractive index can be found from the reflectance value. The director reorientation effect is stronger when the prism refractive index is between ordinary and extraordinary refractive indices of the LC. In this case, the voltage increase and the prism refractive index decrease have a similar effect on the reflectance features.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures, 1 tabl

LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AS A PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY FACTOR

El objetivo de esta investigación es estudiar el factor de eficiencia y la productividad laboral. En gran medida, el nivel de productividad laboral creció debido a la intensificación de la producción. Al mismo tiempo, según Rosstat, en agricultura, silvicultura y pesca solo hay un 8% de empleos altamente eficientes. Por lo tanto, el factor de intensificación de la producción se utiliza de manera insignificante. Es obvio que hay una necesidad de un componente innovador del crecimiento de la productividad laboral, por un lado, y la creación de nuevos empleos en las zonas rurales para los recursos laborales liberados, por otro lado. Aquí es necesario determinar los principales factores que afectan la productividad en las condiciones modernas, y justificar las propuestas para mejorarla.Of the goal of this investigation is to study the efficiency factor and labor productivity. To a large extent, the level of labor productivity grew due to the intensification of production. At the same time, according to Rosstat, in agriculture, forestry and fisheries there are only 8% of high-efficient jobs. Thus, the factor of production intensification is used insignificantly. It is obvious that there is a need for an innovative component of labor productivity growth on the one hand, and the creation of new jobs in rural areas for the released labor resources, on the other hand. Here it is necessary to determine the main factors affecting productivity in modern conditions, and to justify proposals to improve it.O objetivo desta investigação é estudar o fator de eficiência e a produtividade do trabalho. Em grande medida, o nível de produtividade do trabalho aumentou devido à intensificação da produção. Ao mesmo tempo, segundo Rosstat, na agricultura, silvicultura e pesca, existem apenas 8% dos empregos de alta eficiência. Assim, o fator de intensificação da produção é usado de forma insignificante. É óbvio que é necessário um componente inovador do crescimento da produtividade do trabalho, por um lado, e a criação de novos empregos nas áreas rurais para os recursos liberados, por outro. Aqui é necessário determinar os principais fatores que afetam a produtividade nas condições modernas e justificar propostas para melhorá- la

Beam coupling in hybrid photorefractive inorganic-cholesteric liquid crystal cells: impact of optical rotation

We develop a theoretical model to describe two-beam energy exchange in a hybrid photorefractive inorganic-cholesteric cell. A cholesteric layer is placed between two inorganic substrates. One of the substrates is photorefractive (Ce:SBN). Weak and strong light beams are incident on the hybrid cell. The interfering light beams induce a periodic space-charge field in the photorefractive window. This penetrates into the cholesteric liquid crystal (LC), inducing a diffraction grating written on the LC director. In the theory, the flexoelectric mechanism for electric field-director coupling is more important than the LC static dielectric anisotropy coupling. The LC optics is described in the Bragg regime. Each beam induces two circular polarized waves propagating in the cholesteric cell with different velocities. The model thus includes optical rotation in the cholesteric LC. The incident light beam wavelength can fall above, below, or inside the cholesteric gap. The theory calculates the energy gain of the weak beam, as a result of its interaction with the pump beam within the diffraction grating. Theoretical results for exponential gain coefficients are compared with experimental results for hybrid cells filled with cholesteric mixture BL038/CB15 at different concentrations of chiral agent CB15. Reconciliation between theory and experiment requires the inclusion of a phenomenological multiplier in the magnitude of the director grating. This multiplier is cubic in the space-charge field, and we provide a justification of the q-dependence of the multiplier. Within this paradigm, we are able to fit theory to experimental data for cholesteric mixtures with different spectral position of cholesteric gap relative to the wavelength of incident beams, subject to the use of some fitting parameters

GENERATION OF ELECTRON BEAMS IN MAGNETRON GUNS WITH SECONDARY EMISSION CATHODES OF A SMALL DIAMETER

This paper is concerned with investigations on electron beam generation in magnetron guns with cold secondary-emission metallic cathodes of a small diameter with a large aspect ratio. The parameters of electron beams are given as a function of electric and magnetic field values using different methods of voltage pulse formation for secondary-electron multiplication and beam generation

GENERATION OF ELECTRON BEAMS IN MAGNETRON GUNS WITH SECONDARY EMISSION CATHODES OF A SMALL DIAMETER

This paper is concerned with investigations on electron beam generation in magnetron guns with cold secondary-emission metallic cathodes of a small diameter with a large aspect ratio. The parameters of electron beams are given as a function of electric and magnetic field values using different methods of voltage pulse formation for secondary-electron multiplication and beam generation

Нарушения липидного обмена после тяжелой механической травмы

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the levels of triglycerides, cholesterol metabolism, a number of biochemical plasma parameters, and the elastic properties of the arterial wall in the late period in victims with severe mechanical injury (SMI) and impaired hemodynamics.Material and methods. The investigation included 13 persons who had experienced SMI and blood loss with impaired hemodynamics. This involved three stages: 1) at the end of the first day; 2) on days 15—30 following injury; 3) 1—5 years after SMI. The concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase were determined. Very low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterols were calculated by the Friedwald formula. An oscillometric analyzer (APKO-8-RITs) was used to record central hemodynamic parameters and vascular elastic properties.Results. There was a decrease in cholesterol levels and an increase in AST and ALT activities at the end of the first day. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was in the normal range. There was a reduction in AST and ALT on days 15—30 after injury. Enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity was observed at the same time. There was a considerable decrease in HDL cholesterol with the normal level of LDL cholesterol. The level of total cholesterol was in the normal range. The activities of AST and ALT were in the normal range at Stage 3 following 1—5 years after injury. At the same time, the activity of alkaline phosphatase remained increased. The content of HDL cholesterol having antiatherogenic properties remained lower although this parameter tended to become normal: there was an average increase by 33.9%. There was a decrease in arterial wall compliance and an increase in the speed of pulse wave propagation in the group of the examinees.Conclusion. The change in biochemical parameters in victims in the late period after SMI suggests that there is a gradual tendency for the parameters of lipid metabolism to normalize. The results of a study of the elastic properties of the arterial wall are indicative of increased vascular rigidity in the victims in the late period after SMI along with hemodynamic disorders. Целью настоящего исследования было изучение состояния триглицеридов, холестеринового обмена, ряда биохимических показателей плазмы крови и исследование эластических свойств артериальной стенки в отдаленном периоде у пострадавших, перенесших тяжелую механическую травму (ТМТ) с нарушением гемодинамики.Материал и методы. В исследование были включены 13 человек, перенесших тяжелую механическую травму, кровопотерю с нарушением гемодинамики. Исследование включало три этапа обследования. Первый этап — в конце первых суток, второй — на 15—30 сутки с момента травмы, третий — через 1—5 лет после ТМТ. Проводилось определение концентрации триглицеридов, общего холестерина и холестерина липопротеидов высокой плотности (ЛПВП), а так же уровня активности АСТ, АЛТ и щелочной фосфатазы. Холестерин липопротеидов очень низкой плотности и липопротеидов низкой плотности (ЛПНП) определяли расчетным методом по формуле Фридвальда. Для регистрации показателей центральной гемодинамики и эластических свойств сосудов использовали анализатор показателей кровообращения осциллометрический (АПКО-8-РИЦ).Результаты. В конце первых суток у больных было обнаружено снижение холестерина, повышение активности АЛТ и АСТ. Активность щелочной фосфатазы была в пределах нормальных значений. На 15—30 сутки после травмы отмечено снижение АСТ и АЛТ. В эти же сроки выявлено повышение активности щелочной фосфатазы. Отмечено существенное снижение холестерина ЛПВП при нормальном содержании холестерина ЛПНП. Общий холестерин был в пределах нормы. На третьем этапе обследования пострадавших через 1—5 лет после полученной травмы активность АЛТ и АСТ была в пределах нормальных значений. В то же время, уровень активности щелочной фосфа-тазы оставался повышенным. Содержание холестерина ЛПВП, обладающих антиатерогенными свойствами, оставалось сниженным, хотя имеется тенденция к нормализации показателя: отмечено увеличение в среднем на 33,9%. В группе обследованных выявлено снижение податливости артериальной стенки и увеличение скорости распространения пульсовой волны.Заключение. Динамика биохимических показателей в отдаленном периоде у пострадавших после тяжелой механической травмы свидетельствует о постепенной тенденции к нормализации показателей липидного обмена. Результаты исследования эластических свойств артериальной стенки свидетельствуют об увеличении жесткости сосудов в отдаленном периоде у пострадавших после тяжелой механической травмы с нарушением гемодинамики.

Nano-colloids of Sn2P2S6 in Nematic Liquid Crystal Pentyl-cianobiphenile

It has been shown experimentally that the ferroelectric nano-particles, in common with other molecular additives, shift the clearing temperature, Tc, extending or reducing the two-phase coexistent region and changing the average order parameter of the single-component nematics. An increase of up to 11°C or a smaller decrease of as much as 3°C of Tc, and corresponding changes of the order parameter were observed. In all cases the order parameter of the colloid followed the universal temperature behaviour, which is a characteristic of LCs with molecular additives