4,503 research outputs found
Expedition diary β insights into the history of organizing and conducting Russian Arctic expeditions in the early XXth century
The collections belonging to the Museum-Archive of the history of study and development of the European North of the Barents Center of the Humanities β Branch of the Federal Research Center Β«Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of SciencesΒ» (BCH KSC RAS), contain several handwritten diaries by members of Arctic expeditions organized in the first half of the XXth century. The article discusses the value of the expedition diary of a member of a Russian Arctic expedition to Dikson Island (1916), the hydrometeorologist Innokenty Tikhomirov (1890β1955), as a possible source of data on the history of organizing and conducting scientific research in the Arctic. Based on the data presented in the diary, the paper reconstructs the progress of work on the organization of the northernmost meteorological station on Dikson Island in 1916.Π ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°Ρ
, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ·Π΅Ρ-Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ²Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ° Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ° Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° β ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π€ΠΠ¦ ΠΠΠ¦ Π ΠΠ, Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π₯Π₯ Π². Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎ. ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ (1916) Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π’ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π° (1890β1955) ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΊΡ Π. Π. Π’ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² 1916 Π³. ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎ. ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ½
A putative RNA-interference-based immune system in prokaryotes: computational analysis of the predicted enzymatic machinery, functional analogies with eukaryotic RNAi, and hypothetical mechanisms of action
BACKGROUND: All archaeal and many bacterial genomes contain Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindrome Repeats (CRISPR) and variable arrays of the CRISPR-associated (cas) genes that have been previously implicated in a novel form of DNA repair on the basis of comparative analysis of their protein product sequences. However, the proximity of CRISPR and cas genes strongly suggests that they have related functions which is hard to reconcile with the repair hypothesis. RESULTS: The protein sequences of the numerous cas gene products were classified into ~25 distinct protein families; several new functional and structural predictions are described. Comparative-genomic analysis of CRISPR and cas genes leads to the hypothesis that the CRISPR-Cas system (CASS) is a mechanism of defense against invading phages and plasmids that functions analogously to the eukaryotic RNA interference (RNAi) systems. Specific functional analogies are drawn between several components of CASS and proteins involved in eukaryotic RNAi, including the double-stranded RNA-specific helicase-nuclease (dicer), the endonuclease cleaving target mRNAs (slicer), and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. However, none of the CASS components is orthologous to its apparent eukaryotic functional counterpart. It is proposed that unique inserts of CRISPR, some of which are homologous to fragments of bacteriophage and plasmid genes, function as prokaryotic siRNAs (psiRNA), by base-pairing with the target mRNAs and promoting their degradation or translation shutdown. Specific hypothetical schemes are developed for the functioning of the predicted prokaryotic siRNA system and for the formation of new CRISPR units with unique inserts encoding psiRNA conferring immunity to the respective newly encountered phages or plasmids. The unique inserts in CRISPR show virtually no similarity even between closely related bacterial strains which suggests their rapid turnover, on evolutionary scale. Corollaries of this finding are that, even among closely related prokaryotes, the most commonly encountered phages and plasmids are different and/or that the dominant phages and plasmids turn over rapidly. CONCLUSION: We proposed previously that Cas proteins comprise a novel DNA repair system. The association of the cas genes with CRISPR and, especially, the presence, in CRISPR units, of unique inserts homologous to phage and plasmid genes make us abandon this hypothesis. It appears most likely that CASS is a prokaryotic system of defense against phages and plasmids that functions via the RNAi mechanism. The functioning of this system seems to involve integration of fragments of foreign genes into archaeal and bacterial chromosomes yielding heritable immunity to the respective agents. However, it appears that this inheritance is extremely unstable on the evolutionary scale such that the repertoires of unique psiRNAs are completely replaced even in closely related prokaryotes, presumably, in response to rapidly changing repertoires of dominant phages and plasmids. This article was reviewed by: Eric Bapteste, Patrick Forterre, and Martijn Huynen. OPEN PEER REVIEW: Reviewed by Eric Bapteste, Patrick Forterre, and Martijn Huynen. For the full reviews, please go to the Reviewers' comments section
Development of electrochemical sensor based on aptamer specific to lung cancer tumor marker
Electrochemical aptasensor is a sensor based on an indicator electrode covered with a layer of an aptamer that is able to bind target molecules with high specificity. In this work, DNA-aptamer LC-2108 specific to lung cancer tumor marker was immobilized onto the surface of golden screen-printed and disc electrodes. The electrodes were studied by conventional electrochemical methodsβcyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The current increase and electron transfer resistance decrease were registered. It seems as if the aptamer presence facilitated the electron transfer through the electrode-solution boundary. As the possible reasons of such an unusual electrochemical behavior we proposed the unordinary or irregular structure of the aptamer layer on the Au surface or the specific electrochemical properties of the aptamer itself
Π‘Π΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊΡΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΌΠΌ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ.The work presents an overview of the methods for detecting disorder for stationary and non-stationary time series. The purpose of the work is to find the time series disorders in real time. The modification of Vorobeychikov, which based on method of cumulative sums was chosen as a method for detecting the disorder. Also implemented segmentation based on detected disorders
ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠ° ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π²Π° ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ
The article discusses the main aspects of Alexandre KojΓ¨ve's philosophy as well as the reception of his ideas in the philosophy of "Low materialism" (G. Bataille) and Postmodernism (M. Foucault, R. Barthes, B. Groys).The most important moments of KojΓ¨ve's biography are noted and analyzed, especially his reinterpretation of Hegelβs dialectics, which had become one of the leading concepts of French philosophy of XX century. Moreover, there is a classification of the concepts of Hegelian dialectics, which KojΓ¨ve uses as his Neohegelian language: Negative dialectics, Lordβbondsman dialectics, The End of History. Apart from this, there are some themes of Postmodern philosophy (The death of the subject) that are analyzed in comparative way with KojΓ¨ve's ideas. The authors come to the conclusion that KojΓ¨ve's innovative interpretation of "PhΓ€nomenologie des Geistes" had become one of the most important bases of Postmodernism.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π²Π°, ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Β«Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Β» (Π. ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΉ) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° (Π. Π€ΡΠΊΠΎ, Π . ΠΠ°ΡΡ, Π. ΠΡΠΎΠΉΡ). ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π² Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π²Π°, Π² ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ΅Π³Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π³Π΅Π³Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π³Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π²Π° (Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π±Π° ΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° (ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°). ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π. ΠΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΌ Β«Π€Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΡΡ
Π°Β» ΠΠ΅Π³Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½Π°
Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Preparation by Pulsed Laser Ablation of Metallic Targets in Liquid
The basic mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) as a method for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) were considered. Physical and chemical processes occurring during the PLAL that determine the formation, composition and structure of the nanoparticles obtained are described. The influence of the composition and properties of the target material, the solvent and the characteristics of the laser irradiation on the efficiency of the synthesis of nanoparticles is discussed. Separately, an influence of the absorption and scattering (including nonlinear) of laser radiation in the dispersion of nanoparticles on the primary synthetic processes and secondary transformations inside the colloidal solution is examined. The specificity of the characterization of the colloidal solutions of oxide particles produced by PLAL is highlighted. The most promising practical applications of nanomaterials obtained are identified and the examples of their successful use in catalytic research and biomedicine are provided
Visualization of nanoconstructions with DNA-Aptamers for targeted molecules binding on the surface of screen-printed electrodes
Nanoconstructions of gold nanoparticles (NPs) obtained via pulsed laser ablation in liquid with DNA-aptamer specific to protein tumor marker were visualized on the surface of screen-printed electrode using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). AuNPs/aptamer nanoconstuctions distribution on the solid surface was studied. More uniform coverage of the carbon electrode surface with the nanoconstuctions was showed in comparison with DNA-aptamer alone on the golden electrode surface. Targeted binding of the tumor marker molecules with the AuNPs/DNA-aptamer nanoconstuctions was approved
Investigation of the effect of copper addition on physical and mechanical properties of TiNi-Cu porous alloy
This work is devoted to the physical and mechanical properties of porous alloys based on TiNi alloyed with different amounts of Cu additive. We show that by doping a porous TiNi alloy with copper instead of nickel, it is possible to obtain characteristics acceptable for use in implantology and superior to those of known porous TiNi alloys. Cu addition in the range from 1 to 10 at.% is shown to optimize the properties of tested alloys. There is a decrease in the minimal martensitic transformation stress ΟminMs from 37 to 17 MPa when compared to initial unalloyed TiNi. Alloys with 3 and 6 at.% of Cu are found to be optimal for use in medical practice. Along with a wide temperature range of reversible deformations that cover the range of operating temperatures (273β313 K), such alloys demonstrate their martensitic transformation stress values below 28 MPs. This permits to model implantable structures of complex configuration from such materials under a certain temperature regime
Preparation of porous TiNi-Ti alloy by diffusion sintering method and study of its composition, structure and martensitic transformations
The study demonstrates a method for controlling not only the phase composition but also the atomic composition of TiNi matrix in porous TiNi-Ti alloys developed for biomedical uses as implants. The alloys were obtained from TiNi powder which was sintered with Ti powder added at as much as 0β10 at%. The structure, phase and chemical composition of the produced TiNi-Ti alloys was investigated with respect to the amount of Ti added into the material. It is shown that in the sintered product containing 5 at% and more of Ti additive, the composition of its TiNi matrix becomes close to equiatomic (with Ti:Ni atomic ratio ~1), and the excessive Ti precipitates as secondary phases Ti2Ni and Ti3Ni4. In parallel, with increase in Ti ad- ditive from 0β10 at%, the structure of the precipitating Ti2Ni type phases changes its morphology from separate spherical or pyramidal precipitates to large dendritic formations. The direct martensitic trans- formation from austenite to martensite in all the samples was found to proceed in two stages and through the R-phase (B2βRβB19β²). Thermoresistive analysis demonstrated that TiNi-Ti samples with 5 and more at% of Ti had their characteristic starting temperature of martensite transition stabilizing at ~57 Β°C (330 K). This implies that the sample with 5 at% of Ti additive exhibited desired martensite transition temperatures, while containing a minimum concentration of secondary-phase precipitates in its matrix which deteriorate its properties. Thus, for the κ³rst time, we show that a very simple preparation approach based on sintering powders of TiNi and Ti is capable of producing porous TiNi-Ti alloys with properties optimized for fabricating bone implants
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