Formulation of Mefenamic acid loaded polymeric nanoparticles by ionotropic gelation technique for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Aim:- Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs are generally used as first line drugs for Rheumatoid arthritis. Mefenamic acid is an anthranilic acid derivative. The short biological half life of Mefenamic acid is 2hr. The aim of this investigation was to develop and characterize polymeric nanoparticles of Mefenamic acid by ionotropic gelation technique. Materials and methods: For ionic gelation technique, Chitosan was used as polymer and sodium tripolyphosphate as cross linking agent. All formulations were prepared by varying the drug and polymer concentrations. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized for surface morphology, FTIR, particle size and zeta potential and evaluated for yield, drug content, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity and Invitro drug release. Results and discussion : The mean particle size and zeta potential of the best formulation of Mefenamic acid nanoparticles for ionic gelation technique was found to be 196nm and -34 mV respectively. The drug release was found to be 96.3% till 11hrs with fickian diffusion. Conclusions : Inotropic gelation technique was found to be the best technique for the formulation of Mefenamic acid nanoparticles as they have less particle size, greater stability and controlled drug release for 12hrs

STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DIABETIC RATS - A DEFENSIVE EFFECT OF PSYDRAX DICOCCOS

Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic activity and in vivo antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of whole plant of Psydrax dicoccos (MEPD) belonging to the family Rubiaceae.Methods: MEPD was prepared by Soxhlet extraction. Wistar rats weighing (180–200 g) were divided into six groups (n=6), with three doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of extract. Metformin was used as a standard drug. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) (40–50 mg/kg, i.p) in control group. The animals were treated with different doses of extracts for 21 days, and on the 22nd day, the blood glucose levels along with antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and lipid peroxidase (LPO) were determined.Results: The phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, phenolics, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins. The methanolic extract of MEPD at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels (**p<0.001) with the value of 151.2 mg/dl on the 22nd day at 8 h. A promising antioxidant effect was also evident from the determination of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, and LPO.Conclusion: The P. dicoccos extract revealed a potential effect of antihyperglycemic activity and combating nature on oxidative stress induced by STZ

Reliabilty and Cost Benefit Analysis of DG Integrated Distribution System

Integration of Distributed generation (DG) results in a number of advantages ranging from reduction in losses to delayed generation and transmission capacities. In this paper the impact of DGs on reliability is considered and their effect on reliability in terms of number and location is evaluated. The integration of DG changes configuration of the radial system. This point is considered for evaluating the load point indices. The cost effectiveness of number of DGs is evaluated for the determining the returns on the DG investment cost. The above analysis is carried out on a RBTS Bus 2 system. The reliability indices are calculated using FMEA technique

Measuring Retail Service Quality: Evaluating Impact of BI on Customer Buying Behaviour in Food and Groceries Retail

Retailers are placing the customers as their priority to improve customer interaction by implementing innovative business practices into their businesses. By focusing on the organised food retailing that has adopted business intelligence (BI) tools, this study evaluates the impact of BI on service quality to assess customer buying behaviour. Based on findings from focus group, literature survey and a validated service quality the study examined the service quality variables supported by BI on customer buying behaviour. The Data collected from customers of six organised food and groceries retailers at Hyderabad city was analysed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modelling. The results indicate that: 1). the proposed seven variables of service quality rather merged into four variables. 2). from the structural causal relationship analysis it is identified that the four factors have significant relationship, with the identified model showing good fit. 3). the structural causal relationship also suggests that all the latent variables are strongly correlated. 4). it is observed that the all items related to their respective latent factors indicate significant loading values. However, the proposed instrument and the seven variables of service quality need considerable attention in Indian context. Keywords: Business Intelligence, Indian Food and Groceries Retail Stores, Retail Service Quality, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Customer Satisfaction

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A DISSOLUTION METHOD FOR FROVATRIPTAN TABLETS BY REVERSED PHASE UPLC

Objective: The main objective of the method was to develop a simple, rapid, efficient and reproducible, stability indicating reverse phase ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) method for the estimation of frovatriptan in tablet dosage form.Methods: The RP-UPLC method for estimation of frovatriptan (FRT) in their tablets was carried out on Acquity UPLCTM, BEH C-18 (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) column using 0.1% trifluroacetic acid buffer and a mixture of methanol and acetonitrile (50:50) using isocratic program. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 0.2 mL min-1and detection wavelength was carried out at 244 nm. Total runtime is 3 minutes for chromatographic run. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness as per ICH guidelines.Results: The method was found to be linear in the range of 1.41-3.67 μg mL-1. Recovery was found to be in the range of 97.8-101.8%. Relative standard deviation for precision and intermediate precision was found to be less than 3%. The developed method was successfully applied for the estimation of frovatriptan in tablet formulation and average dissolution rate was found to be 93%. The results obtained from the validation experiments prove that the developed method is suitable for routine analysis.Conclusion: The developed RP-UPLC method was simple, rapid, accurate, and precise for the estimation of dissolution rate in frovatriptan tablet dosage form.Â

METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ULTRAVIOLET-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF HEPATITIS-C DRUGS - DACLATASVIR AND SOFOSBUVIR IN ACTIVE PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENT FORM

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of the present work is to develop a simple, efficient, and reproducible spectrophotometric method for the quantitativeestimation of hepatitis-C drugs - Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir in its active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) form.Methods: The developed ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the quantitative estimation of hepatitis-C drugs - Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir isbased on measurement of absorption at a wavelength maximum (λmax) of 317 and 261 nm using methanol as solvent.Results: The method was validated in terms of specificity, precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness as per the ICH guidelines. The method wasfound to be linear in the range of 50-150% for Daclatasvir and in the range of 43-143% for Sofosbuvir. The percentage recovery values were in therange of 99.4-100.6% for Daclatasvir and in the range of 99.7-100.6% for Sofosbuvir at different concentration levels. Relative standard deviation forprecision and intermediate precision results were found to be <2%. The correlation coefficient value observed for Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir drugsubstances was not <0.99, 0.99, respectively. Results obtained from the validation experiments prove that the developed method is quantified for theestimation of Daclatasvir and Sofosbuvir drug substances.Conclusion: The developed method can be successfully applied for routine analysis, quality control analysis, and also suitable for stability analysis ofDaclatasvir and Sofosbuvir in API form as per the regulatory requirements.Keywords: Daclatasvir, Sofosbuvir, Method development, Validation, Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

STABILITY INDICATING REVERSE PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF LABETALOL AND ITS DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN TABLET DOSAGE FORMS

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of the present work is to develop a simple, efficient, and reproducible stability indicating reverse phase high-performanceliquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination labetalol and its degradation products in tablet dosage forms.Methods: The chromatographic separation of labetalol and its degradation products in tablets was carried out on Zorbax Eclipse Plus C-18(100 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) column using 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (v/v) in 1000 ml of water and 0.1% TFA (v/v) in 1000 ml of acetonitrile:Methanol (1:1) by linear gradient program. Flow rate was 1.0 mL min with a column temperature of 35°C, and detection wavelength was carried outat 230 nm. Known impurity is well resolved from the main active drug within 14 minutes run time.−1Results: The forced degradation studies were performed on labetalol tablets under acidic, basic, oxidation, thermal, humidity, and photolyticconditions. No degradation products were observed from the forced degradation studies, and the known impurity is well resolved from the mainactive drug. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, precision, androbustness as per the ICH guidelines. The method was found to be linear in the range of LOQ to 120% for all the known and unknown impurities.The LOD and LOQ values of known impurity were found between 0.3593 and 0.7187 µg mL, and the percentage recovery values were in the rangeof 95.5-105.2% at different concentration levels. Relative standard deviation for precision and intermediate precision results were found to be <5%.The correlation coefficient found for all compounds was not <0.99. The results obtained from the validation experiments prove that the developedmethod is a stability indicating method.−1Conclusion: The developed method can be successfully applied for routine analysis, quality control analysis and also suitable for stability analysis ofthe simultaneous determination of labetalol and its degradation products in tablet dosage forms as per the regulatory requirements.Keywords: Labetalol, Development, Validation, Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Influence of Organic Manures and Fertilizers on Nutrient Uptake, Yield and Quality in Cabbage-Baby Corn Cropping Sequence

Field experiments were conducted at Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India, during rabi and kharif seasons of 2010 and 2011 to study direct, cumulative, or residual effect of organic manures (Farmyard Manure, Vermicompost, Poultry Manure, Neem Cake, and combinations thereof) along with the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) and absolute Control, on nutrient uptake, yield and quality in cabbage-baby corn cropping sequence system. Results showed that application of recommended dose of fertilizers [N, P and K (100:50:50 kg ha-1)] recorded highest yield in cabbage (38.91t ha-1), which was comparable to combined application (2.89t ha-1) of poultry manure and neem cake (37.9t ha-1). In baby corn, maximum yield (6.12t ha-1) was recorded with recommended dose of fertilizers, followed by the combined use of poultry manure and neem cake (5.80t ha-1). Among various treatments, residual effect and combined application of poultry manure and neem cake to a preceding cabbage crop, recorded maximum yield in baby corn (4.71t ha-1) over other treatments. Similar trend was seen in nutrient uptake by cabbage and baby corn (cumulative and residual). Highest protein and ascorbic acid content in cabbage, residual and cumulative baby corn was recorded with application of poultry manure + neem cake (2.89t ha-1), and poultry manure + FYM (6.11t ha-1) respectively

Stability of binary complexes of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) with maleic acid in TX100-water mixtures

Binary complexes of maleic acid with toxic metal ions such as Pb(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) have been studied in 0.0-2.5% v/v tritonX-100 (TX100) - water media at 303 K  at an ionic strength of 0.16 M. The active forms of the ligand are LH2, LH- and L2-. The derived ‘best fit’ chemical speciation models are based on crystallographic R-factors, χ2 and Skewness and Kurtosis factors. The predominant species formed are of the type ML2, ML2H and ML3. The trend in variation of complex stability constants with change in the mole fraction of the medium is explained on the basis of prevailing electrostatic and non-electrostatic forces. The species distribution as a function of pH at different compositions of TX100-water mixtures and plausible speciation equilibria are presented and discussed. KEY WORDS: Maleic acid, TritonX-100, Toxic metal ions, Mole fraction, Binary complexes Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2014, 28(3), 383-391.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v28i3.