Cs2Bi(PO4)(WO4)

Dicaesium bis­muth(III) phosphate(V) tungstate(VI), Cs2Bi(PO4)(WO4), has been synthesized during complex investigation in a molten pseudo-quaternary Cs2O–Bi2O3–P2O5–WO3 system. It is isotypic with K2Bi(PO4)(WO4). The three-dimensional framework is built up from [Bi(PO4)(WO4)] nets, which are organized by adhesion of [BiPO4] layers and [WO4] tetra­hedra above and below of those layers. The inter­stitial space is occupied by Cs atoms. Bi, W and P atoms lie on crystallographic twofold axes

KMg0.09Fe1.91(PO4)2

KMg0.09Fe1.91(PO4)2, potassium [iron(II)/magnesium] iron(III) bis(orthophosphate), is a solid solution derived from compounds with general formula KM IIFe(PO4)2 (M II = Fe, Cu), in which the Mg atoms substitute Fe atoms only in the octa­hedrally surrounded sites. The framework of the structure is built up from [FeO5] trigonal bipyramids and [MO6] (M = (Fe, Mg) octa­hedra sharing corners and edges and connected by two types of bridging PO4 tetra­hedra. The K+ cations are nine-coordinated and are situated in channels running along [101]

K2Ho(PO4)(WO4)

A new compound, dipotassium holmium(III) phosphate(V) tungstate(VI), K2Ho(PO4)(WO4), has been obtained during investigation of the K2O–P2O5–WO3–HoF3 phase system using the flux technique. The compound is isotypic with K2Bi(PO4)(WO4). Its framework structure consists of flat ∞ 2[HoPO4] layers parallel to (100) that are made up of ∞ 1[HoO8] zigzag chains inter­linked via slightly distorted PO4 tetra­hedra. WO4 tetra­hedra are attached above and below these layers, leaving space for the K+ counter-cations. The HoO8, PO4 and WO4 units exhibit 2 symmetry

Rietveld refinement of langbeinite-type K2YHf(PO4)3

Potassium yttrium hafnium tris­(orthophosphate) belongs to the langbeinite-family and is built up from [MO6] octa­hedra [in which the positions of the two independent M sites are mutually occupied by Y and Hf in a 0.605 (10):0.395 (10) ratio] and [PO4] tetra­hedra connected via vertices into a three-dimensional framework. This framework is penetrated by large closed cavities in which the two independent K atoms are located; one of the K atoms is nine-coordinated and the other is 12-coordinated by surrounding O atoms. The K, Y and Hf atoms lie on threefold rotation axes, whereas the P and O atoms are located in general positions

CsMgPO4

Caesium magnesium orthophosphate is built up from MgO4 and PO4 tetra­hedra (both with . m. symmetry) linked together by corners, forming a three-dimensional framework. The Cs atoms have .m. site symmetry and are located in hexa­gonal channels running along the a- and b-axis directions

Применение температурных ЕРД-моделей для прогнозирования распространения дирофиляриоза у собак в различных областях Республики Армения

The purpose of the research is to study the possibility of using the temperature DDU (dirofilaria development units) model for predicting the spread of dirofilariosis in dogs in various regions of the Republic of Armenia.Materials and methods. To obtain temperature models of dirofilariosis in various regions of Armenia, the method of mathematical modeling was applied. The method for determining the number of generations of Dirofilaria spp. infection is based on the effect of the average daily air temperature on the rate of development of Dirofilaria larvae in mosquitoes with a threshold of 14 °C. For a negative value of DDU, the value is set to zero. At temperatures above the threshold, DDU accumulate. For the development of larvae to the infective stage, an amount of 130 DDU is required. The number of possible generations of one generation of larvae L3 was calculated by dividing the annual sum of temperatures above 14 °C by 130 DDU, taking into account that 130 DDU should accumulate within a period not exceeding 30 days. The calculation uses daily data on the average daily air temperature in the period from 2017 to 2019 for Shirak, Aragatston, Armavir and Ararat regions of Armenia.Results and discussion. Temperature modeling of DDU is not of high significance, since it takes into account only the average daily air temperature and does not take into account other factors affecting the incidence rates. The largest number of generations of larvae in mosquitoes could be realized in the Armavir and Ararat regions – on average, 16 generations per year. At the same time, the infection of dogs with dirofilariae in the Armavir region was 42.8%, and in the Ararat region – 29.6%. In Aragatston region, on average, 14–15 generations are developing per year. Dirofilariosis was not detected in the studied dogs. In the Shirak region, on average, 7–8 generations are developing per year. Dirofilariae infection was detected in 3.6% of the dogs studied. Based on the temperature DDU-model of dirofilariosis (on the dates of the end of the first and last incubation of dirofilariosis larvae in mosquitoes for several years), as well as the results of phenological observations, we have developed schemes for effective prevention of dirofilariosis. In order to organize and conduct veterinary preventive measures to prevent infestation of dogs by dirofilariae, it is necessary to organize two lines of defense. The first line of defense: the use of anthelmintics from the group of macrocyclic lactones in Aragatston, Armavir and Ararat regions, which is carried out monthly, and in the Shirak region - from April to January. The second line of defense is repellant treatment of dogs in the Aragatston, Armavir and Ararat regions from March to November, and in the Shirak region from April to October. The practical application of temperature DDU-models of dirofilariosis allows specialists of veterinary and sanitary services to establish the timing of the epizootic season of dirofilariosis, as well as organize and conduct veterinary preventive and therapeutic measures among the population of dogs in endemically disadvantaged areas of the republic.Цель исследований – изучить возможность применения температурной ЕРД (единицы развития дирофилярий) – модели для прогнозирования распространения дирофиляриоза у собак в различных областях Республики Армения.Материалы и методы. Для получения температурных моделей дирофиляриоза в различных областях Армении применен метод математического моделирования. Методика определения числа генераций дирофиляриозной инвазии основана на влиянии среднесуточной температуры воздуха на скорость развития личинок дирофилярий в комарах с порогом в 14о C. Для отрицательной величины единиц развития дирофилярий (ЕРД) устанавливается значение ноль. При температуре выше пороговой накапливаются ЕРД. Для развития личинок до инвазионной стадии необходима сумма в 130 ЕРД. Число возможных генераций одного поколения личинок L3 рассчитывали путем деления годовой суммы температур выше 14о С на 130 ЕРД с учетом того, что 130 ЕРД должны накопиться в срок, не превышающий 30 сут. Для расчета использованы ежедневные данные о среднесуточной температуре воздуха в период с 2017 по 2019 гг. для Ширакской, Арагацтонской, Армавирской и Араратской областей Армении.Результаты и обсуждение. Температурное моделирование ЕРД имеет не высокую значимость, поскольку учитывает только среднесуточную температуру воздуха и не учитывает другие факторы, влияющие на показатели заболеваемости. Наибольшее число генераций личинок в комарах могло быть реализовано в Армавирской и Араратской областях – в среднем, 16 генераций в год. При этом зараженность дирофиляриями собак в Армавирской области cоставила 42,8%, а в Араратской области – 29,6%. В Арагацтонской области – в среднем, развивается 14–15 генераций в год. У исследованных собак дирофиляриоза не выявлено. В Ширакской области развивается, в среднем, 7–8 генераций в год. Зараженность дирофиляриями выявлена у 3,6% исследованных собак. Опираясь на температурную ЕРД-модель дирофиляриоза (на даты окончания первой и последней инкубации личинок дирофилярий в комарах в течение нескольких лет), а также результаты фенологических наблюдений, нами разработаны схемы эффективной профилактики дирофиляриоза. В целях организации и проведения ветеринарно-профилактических мероприятий по недопущению инвазирования собак дирофиляриями необходимо организовывать две линии защиты. Первая линия защиты: применение антигельминтиков из группы макроциклических лактонов в Арагацтонской, Армавирской и Араратской областях, которое осуществляется ежемесячно, а в Ширакской области – в период с апреля по январь. Вторая линия защиты – репеллентная обработка собак в Арагацтонской, Армавирской и Араратской областях в период с марта по ноябрь, а в Ширакской области – в период с апреля по октябрь. Применение на практике температурных ЕРД-моделей дирофиляриоза позволяет специалистам ветеринарно-санитарных служб установить сроки эпизоотического сезона дирофиляриоза, а также организовать и провести ветеринарно-профилактические и лечебные мероприятия среди поголовья собак в эндемически неблагополучных районах республики

Redetermination of AgPO3

Single crystals of silver(I) polyphosphate(V), AgPO3, were prepared via a phospho­ric acid melt method using a solution of Ag3PO4 in H3PO4. In comparison with the previous study based on single-crystal Weissenberg photographs [Jost (1961 ▶). Acta Cryst. 14, 779–784], the results were mainly confirmed, but with much higher precision and with all displacement parameters refined anisotropically. The structure is built up from two types of distorted edge- and corner-sharing [AgO5] polyhedra, giving rise to multidirectional ribbons, and from two types of PO4 tetra­hedra linked into meandering chains (PO3)n spreading parallel to the b axis with a repeat unit of four tetra­hedra. The calculated bond-valence sum value of one of the two AgI ions indicates a significant strain of the structure

Using of DDU Temperature Models for Predicting the Spread of Dirofilariosis in Dogs in Various Regions of the Republic of Armenia

The purpose of the research is to study the possibility of using the temperature DDU (dirofilaria development units) model for predicting the spread of dirofilariosis in dogs in various regions of the Republic of Armenia.Materials and methods. To obtain temperature models of dirofilariosis in various regions of Armenia, the method of mathematical modeling was applied. The method for determining the number of generations of Dirofilaria spp. infection is based on the effect of the average daily air temperature on the rate of development of Dirofilaria larvae in mosquitoes with a threshold of 14 °C. For a negative value of DDU, the value is set to zero. At temperatures above the threshold, DDU accumulate. For the development of larvae to the infective stage, an amount of 130 DDU is required. The number of possible generations of one generation of larvae L3 was calculated by dividing the annual sum of temperatures above 14 °C by 130 DDU, taking into account that 130 DDU should accumulate within a period not exceeding 30 days. The calculation uses daily data on the average daily air temperature in the period from 2017 to 2019 for Shirak, Aragatston, Armavir and Ararat regions of Armenia.Results and discussion. Temperature modeling of DDU is not of high significance, since it takes into account only the average daily air temperature and does not take into account other factors affecting the incidence rates. The largest number of generations of larvae in mosquitoes could be realized in the Armavir and Ararat regions – on average, 16 generations per year. At the same time, the infection of dogs with dirofilariae in the Armavir region was 42.8%, and in the Ararat region – 29.6%. In Aragatston region, on average, 14–15 generations are developing per year. Dirofilariosis was not detected in the studied dogs. In the Shirak region, on average, 7–8 generations are developing per year. Dirofilariae infection was detected in 3.6% of the dogs studied. Based on the temperature DDU-model of dirofilariosis (on the dates of the end of the first and last incubation of dirofilariosis larvae in mosquitoes for several years), as well as the results of phenological observations, we have developed schemes for effective prevention of dirofilariosis. In order to organize and conduct veterinary preventive measures to prevent infestation of dogs by dirofilariae, it is necessary to organize two lines of defense. The first line of defense: the use of anthelmintics from the group of macrocyclic lactones in Aragatston, Armavir and Ararat regions, which is carried out monthly, and in the Shirak region - from April to January. The second line of defense is repellant treatment of dogs in the Aragatston, Armavir and Ararat regions from March to November, and in the Shirak region from April to October. The practical application of temperature DDU-models of dirofilariosis allows specialists of veterinary and sanitary services to establish the timing of the epizootic season of dirofilariosis, as well as organize and conduct veterinary preventive and therapeutic measures among the population of dogs in endemically disadvantaged areas of the republic