Power Efficient MAC Unit Based Digital PID Controllers

Proper closed loop has been an ever hot issue in the automotive industry. The industrial equipments governed by PID controllers have very simple control architecture and efficiency but still they find a trouble dueto large power consumption and slow mathematical computation. Many researchers have worked out and are trying to design a low power, less delay PID. This paper reviews three MAC architectures with array, booth and wallace tree multipliers incorporated in PID architecture. The simulations are done and the area, power, delay results are synthesized using Xilinx ISE. Comparisons are made between these three architectures in terms of power delay product and area delay product

Adenosine deaminase from Plasmodium falciparum as a Potential Drug Target in Anti- Malarial Drug Designing: A Bioinformatic Approach

Parasites are responsible for a wide variety of infectious diseases causing an enormous health and economical blight. Malaria is one such prominent disease that causes widespread infections in humans and results in innumerable deaths annually. The development of resistance of the malarial parasites to the conventional drugs has signaled for an urgent need to design new drugs in an effective way and also to identify and study new drug targets to combat this disease. The rational design of a drug is usually based on the biochemical and physiological differences between the pathogen and the host. So in this current study we focus on the striking differences in the purine metabolism of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum and that of the host. Based on this, we submit a hypothesis on targeting a protein Adenosine deaminase that plays an important role in the purine metabolism of the parasite. In this study a synthetic and a natural drug were used and their efficacy was compared and analyzed

Picture book on Marine Gastropods

Gastropods includes snails, slugs and their relatives is a hyper diverse with respect to number of species, structure and habitat and many other attributes. Gastropods are characterised by having single shell and an operculum. Widely ranging in size, the shell has been modified enormously in many groups. A total of 80,000 to 100,000 mollusc species are known world over. About 3271 species of molluscs are found in India, of which 1900 marine species of gastropods are known to date. These resources are exploited by either mechanised trawlers, bottom set gillnets or by diving. Very few species forms a regular fishery and most of them are obtained in smaller magnitude making them unnoticed. While these resources are smaller in magnitude compared to other fisheries, they play an important role as raw materials for the multi-million dollar ‘SHELLCRAFT INDUSTRIES’ world over. In India, the resource is harvested in almost all the landing centres of both the coasts. In southeast coast of India, where the most part of landings of marine gastropods are occurring is considered a hub of shellcraft industry. A total of more than 250 species has been recorded and representing forty odd families in gastropods. The Federation of Sea Shell Handicrafts Merchants Association (FOSSHMA), estimates around 90 active seashell handicrafts traders in India, comprising of 20 very active, 30 minimal functioning and 40 dormant units. The major destinations of export is found to be the United States of America, Australia, Europe, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Africa, Malaysia, Belgium, Croatia, England, Haiti Island, Sri Lanka,France, Netherlands, Germany, South Africa etc. The major species exported are Conus sp, Umbonium sp, Chicoreus ramosus, Lambis lambis, Babylonia spirata, B. zeylanica, Telescopium sp, Terebralia sp, Tonna spp and Cerithium sp. Around 20-25 species are imported by shellcraft industries and the major species imported are Busycon sp, Haliotis sp, Cypraea tigris, Mitrella sp. The major importing countries includes USA, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa, Australia, Philippines, Spain and other African countries. This picture book contains 165 photographs of seashells used in the Indian seashell industries clustered under the common name of the respective species along with vernacular (Tamil) names

Ornamental gastropod shell trade in India : A macroeconomic assessment

The capture fisheries results in landing of sizeable amount of by-catch which includes molluscs, crustaceans (certain varieties of crabs, and Squilla spp.), finfishes (non-edible varieties), sea snakes and echinoderms

Methyl 4-(3-eth­oxy-4-hydroxy­phen­yl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­pyrimidine-5-carboxyl­ate monohydrate

In the title compound, C15H18N2O5·H2O, the pyrimidine ring adopts a flattened-boat conformation. The eth­oxy group attached to the benzene ring is in an extended conformation. The oxopyrimidine mol­ecules are linked into centrosymmetric R 2 2(20) dimers by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The dimers are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to the bc plane. Adjacent networks are cross-linked via N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the water mol­ecules

Isolation of a novel soil fungus VT-NSK capable of utilizing the distillery spentwash and synthetic melanoidin – a preliminary report

Soil samples collected from Mc Dowell’s Distillery Ltd, Aleppey, India were screened for potent melanoidin degrading fungus. Seven fungi were obtained in pure culture. Out of the seven isolates obtained, one strain showing highest rate of melanoidin degradation was coded as VT-NSK and was characterized in detail. The isolate VT-NSK was systematically identified by microscopy, phylogeny by molecular techniques like 18 S rRNA gene sequencing followed by Blast analysis. The isolate VT-NSK was further screened for the melanoidin degrading activity on 1% synthetic melanoidin and 10% distillery effluent amended Czapek dox medium. The isolate showed a decolourization zone of 61mm diameter in 1% synthetic melanoidin and 69mm diameter in 10% distillery effluent amended czapek dox medium after 48hours of incubation. 18S r RNA gene sequencing of the isolate showed maximum alignment with Cunninghamella blakesleeana sp belonging to zygomycetes class. The sequence has been deposited in GenBank with Accession number  JN570507

Biofilms: Formation, Properties, Impact on Industries, Strategies for Control

Microbes being one of the oldest inhabitants on the earth, have successfully survived the harsh environments by a number of survival strategies. One such strategy is the formation of a multicellular structure formed by the adherence of the microorganisms to a surface, known as biofilm. This structure is formed by first reversible and then irreversible linkages with the solid support. These are the porous structures with micro colonies, enclosed by exopolysaccharides and are connected by interstitial voids called water channels to promote the influx of nutrients, oxygen and other vital molecules and the efflux of metabolic wastes. Biofouling – formation of biofilms in an industrial setting has been a major problem in the wide range of industries with deleterious effects. The challenges brought about by biofilms in various sectors of the food industry, paper manufacturing and marine industries as well as other technological problems are discussed. Over the years several strategies are used targeting various stages and site of biofilm formation have been formulated to rid industries of biofilms once and for all. Though there exists no ‘perfect solution’ for complete biofilm eradication to date, some of the more recent and potential strategies will be discusse

Effect of Piperine on an Nrf2/Keap 1 Signalling Mechanism in Adipose Tissue of High Fat Diet and Sucrose-Induced Experimental Diabetic Rats

Piperine, an alkaloid compound found in black pepper has been shown to have various health benefits such as anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. But mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic activity are unclear. Keap1-Nrf2 is an anti-oxidant stress signal pathway and it is considered to be an intracellular defence mechanism to countered oxidative stress. The study was aimed at assessing antidiabetic activity of piperine against high fat diet and sucrose-induced (HFD) type-2 diabetic rats by regulating the expression of Nrf2/Keap 1 signalling. Healthy adult male albino rats of wistar strain were grouped in to 5. Considering healthy control (group-1), HFD-induced type-2 diabetes (group2), Diabetic rats treated with piperine (group 3), diabetic rats metformin (group 4) and control +Piperine treated rats ( group 5) respectively. After 30 days of treatment, fasting blood glucose (FBG) checked and adipose tissue from control and treated groups was used to determine the role of piperine on the expression of NrF2/Keap 1 mNRA in adipose by Real Time-PCR analysis. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA and p<0.01 was considered to be statistical significance among the groups. HFD-induced T2DM showed a significant increase in the levels of FBG and altered levels of Nrf-2 and Keap-1 gene expression (2 fold) compared to normal control animals. Piperine at a dose of 40mg, fascinatingly improved the glycemic control and normalised the mRNA expression of both Nrf-2 and Keap-1 whose effects were near to that of standard drug metformin level (p<0.05) proving its potential mechanism of action. Conclusion: Our current study clearly indicates that piperine controls hyperglycemia in type-2 diabetic rats by facilitating the expression of antioxidant signalling (Nrf-2/Keap-1) in the adipose. In addition, this is the first of its kind to show the role of piperine in reducing hyperglycemia against high fat diet and sucrose –induced type-2 diabetic rats as an invivo experimental model. Hence, piperine could be considered as an important health supplement and potential drug candidate for the treatment of diabetes