The architecture of it-environment for vocational education and training specialists in geoinformatics

© SGEM2017. All Rights Reserved. In this paper the approach to Information Educational Environment (IEE) creation is proposed. IEE is a complicated system that consists of a lot of hardware and software tools. Open architecture of the IEE provides integration of various electronic educational resources (virtual laboratories, virtual departments, electronic scientific-educational complexes). A variety of different hardware and software tools allow to create a variety of educational routes. In this paper we highlighted the main aspects about IEE creation. The composition and structure of the IEE is discussed. Experience of using the system is presented. The description of the curriculums, practical works, and laboratory tasks is given. The main component of the system is Electronic Scientific-Educational Complex “Geoinformation Technologies and Systems”. The Complex provides comprehensive support for research and educational activities in the field of Geoinformatics – from training sessions with the use of modern educational technologies to independent research work of students

БАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫЕ БИОПЛЕНКИ И ИНФЕКЦИИ

It is now a common perception that the vast majority of bacterial life in nature is found in surface-bound communities called biofilms rather than in isolated planktonic cells. Biofilms are implicated in more than 80% of chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases. The biofilm model allows the reconceptualization of multiple chronic diseases as biofilm diseases. The biofilm bacterial community uses secreted pheromones (eg, quorum sensing molecules) and other molecules for cell-cell signaling, even between species. These coordinated activities during formation of biofilms render the bacterial community numerous benefits. Biofilms confer resistance to many antimicrobials, and protection against host defenses. One possible reason for the increased resistance to environmental stresses and antibacterials observed in biofilm cells appears to be the increase in the portion of persister cells within the biofilm.В настоящее время общепризнано, что основной формой существования бактерий в естественных условиях являются связанные с поверхностью сообщества, получившие название биопленок, а не отдельные планктонные клетки. Биопленки обнаруживают более чем в 80% хронических инфекционных и воспалительных заболеваний, что позволило выдвинуть концепцию хронических болезней как болезней биопленок. Для обмена информацией в пределах биопленки между отдельными клетками одного и того же или разных видов бактерии используют секретируемые феромоны, например сигнальные молекулы системы quorum sensing. Координация различных видов активности бактериальных клеток в составе биопленок обеспечивает им значительные преимущества. В составе биопленок бактерии оказываются защищенными от действия факторов резистентности хозяина и антибактериальных препаратов. Одним из возможных механизмов повышения устойчивости бактерий к внешним воздействиям и антибактериальным препаратам является значительное увеличение в составе биопленок доли клеток-персистеров

Этиологическая характеристика внебольничной пневмонии у детей в зависимости от возраста

Aim. The study was aimed at investigation of etiology of communityacquired pneumonia (CAP) in children in relation to age.Methods.Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniaе, respiratory viruses, Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus and human herpes virus type 6 were searched using bacteriological, serological and molecular methods.Results. We examined 145 hospitalized children aged 1 month to 17 years withrespiratory infection complicated by moderate CAP. Viruses were detected in 62 % of children under 4 years old, in 43 % of children of 4 to 7 years old and in 17 % of schoolage children. A rate of mixed viralbacterial CAP decreased with aging and was found in 30 % of children under 4 years old and in 4 % of schoolage children.Conclusion. Viral infection, mainly respiratory syncytial virus and cytomegalovirus, prevailed in the etiology of CAP in children under 4 years; C. pneumoniae and M. pneumoniae prevailed in schoolage children.Представлены результаты этиологической диагностики у детей (n = 145) в возрасте от 1 мес. до 17 лет, получавших лечение в клинике ФГБУ "Научноисследовательский институт детских инфекций" ФМБА России по поводу респираторной инфекции, осложненной развитием внебольничной пневмонии (ВП) средней степени тяжести. Для определения бактериальных агентов, возбудителей респираторного хламидиоза и микоплазмоза, острых респираторных вирусных инфекций, вируса Эпштейна–Барр, цитомегаловируса (ЦМВ) и вируса герпеса человека 6го типа использовались бактериологические, серологические и молекулярнобиологический методы. Показана доминирующая роль вирусных возбудителей в формировании ВП у детей до 4 лет, главным образом респираторносинцитиального вируса и ЦМВ, а также возбудителей респираторного микоплазмоза и хламидиоза – у детей школьного возраста

СЕРОТИПЫ STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, ВЫЗЫВАЮЩИХ ВЕДУЩИЕ НОЗОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ФОРМЫ ПНЕВМОКОККОВЫХ ИНФЕКЦИЙ

First in Russia prospective non-interventional hospital-based study on Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing meningitis and acute otitis media (AOM) in children and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children and adults, as well as serotype coverage by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV’s) of different composition has been conducted. Serotypes 19F, 14 and serogroup 6 are the leading in meningitis; serotype coverage is 70,6% for PCV7, and 76,5% – for PCV10 and PCV13. Among S. pneumoniae serotypes causing AOM 19F, 3, 23F and serogroup 6 have been the most prevalent in Saint Petersburg. PCV7 and PCV10 provide equal serotypes coverage in AOM – 63,2% among children 0–2 years old, and 32,5% among children 5–17 years old. PCV13 covers up to 79% of serotypes in infants. In CAP PCV7 and PCV10 provide 57,1% serotype coverage in children and 56,1% – in adults. Serotype coverage in CAP for PCV13 has been 14,3% and 34,5% higher for children and adults, correspondingly. Obtained data supports PCV inclusion in children immunization program in Saint Petersburg, whereas PCV13 provides the broadest serotype coverage. In the course PCV’s implementation continued pneumococcal infection surveillance is advisable.Впервые в России в проспективном неинтервенционном госпитальном эпидемиологическом исследовании изучен серотиповой состав Streptococcus pneumoniae, вызывающих менингиты, внебольничную пневмонию и острый средний отит (ОСО), а также охват циркулирующих серотипов пневмококковыми конъюгированными вакцинами (ПКВ) различного состава. К ведущим серотипам S. pneumoniae, вызывающим у детей гнойный менингит, относятся 19F, 14 и серогруппа 6. Охват серотипов S. pneumoniae, вызывающих гнойный менингит для ПКВ7, составляет 70,6%, а для ПКВ10 и ПКВ13 – 76,5%. Ведущими серотипами пневмококков, вызывающих ОСО, в Санкт-Петербурге являются серотипы 19F, 3, 23F и серогруппа 6. Охват серотипов для ПКВ7 и ПКВ10 одинаков и составляет 63,2% для детей в возрасте 0–2 лет и 32,5% для детей в возрасте 5–17 лет. Для ПКВ13 эти показатели составляют соответственно 79% и 55%. При внебольничной пневмонии ПКВ7 и ПКВ10 обеспечивали одинаковый охват: 57,1% у детей и 56,1% у взрослых. Для ПКВ13 эти показатели были на 14,3% больше у детей и на 34,5% у взрослых. Полученные данные обосновывают целесообразность применения пневмококковых конъюгированных вакцин для массовой иммунизации детей в Санкт-Петербурге, при этом ПКВ13 обеспечивает наибольший охват серотипов S. pneumoniae, вызывающих основные пневмококковые заболевания. Для оценки эффективности вакцинации целесообразно продолжить эпидемиологическое наблюдение за пневмококковыми инфекциями после проведения массовой иммунизации ПКВ13

Molecular typing of ST239-MRSA-III from diverse geographic locations and the evolution of the SCCmec III element during its intercontinental spread

ST239-MRSA-III is probably the oldest truly pandemic MRSA strain, circulating in many countries since the 1970s. It is still frequently isolated in some parts of the world although it has been replaced by other MRSA strains in, e.g., most of Europe. Previous genotyping work (Harris et al., 2010; Castillo-Ramírez et al., 2012) suggested a split in geographically defined clades. In the present study, a collection of 184 ST239-MRSA-III isolates, mainly from countries not covered by the previous studies were characterized using two DNA microarrays (i) targeting an extensive range of typing markers, virulence and resistance genes and (ii) a SCCmec subtyping array. Thirty additional isolates underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and, together with published WGS data for 215 ST239-MRSA-III isolates, were analyzed using in-silico analysis for comparison with the microarray data and with special regard to variation within SCCmec elements. This permitted the assignment of isolates and sequences to 39 different SCCmec III subtypes, and to three major and several minor clades. One clade, characterized by the integration of a transposon into nsaB and by the loss of fnbB and splE was detected among isolates from Turkey, Romania and other Eastern European countries, Russia, Pakistan, and (mainly Northern) China. Another clade, harboring sasX/sesI is widespread in South-East Asia including China/Hong Kong, and surprisingly also in Trinidad & Tobago. A third, related, but sasX/sesI-negative clade occurs not only in Latin America but also in Russia and in the Middle East from where it apparently originated and from where it also was transferred to Ireland. Minor clades exist or existed in Western Europe and Greece, in Portugal, in Australia and New Zealand as well as in the Middle East. Isolates from countries where this strain is not epidemic (such as Germany) frequently are associated with foreign travel and/or hospitalization abroad. The wide dissemination of this strain and the fact that it was able to cause a hospital-borne pandemic that lasted nearly 50 years emphasizes the need for stringent infection prevention and control and admission screening

Blogging the Virtual: New Geographies of Domination and Resistance In and Beyond Russia

Russia’s accelerating authoritarian turn has not ignored the internet, and in recent years, the Russian state has clamped down on internet activities that diverge from the statist line, employing a variety of strategies to dominate online spaces. Nevertheless, oppositional voices flourish on the Russian internet, taking shape in independent blogs and videos. This paper explores three political bloggers through surveillant and resistance assemblages, making sense of this contestation through an interpretation of the Deleuzian virtual that underscores the emancipatory potential of online activities for producing more egalitarian configurations, but also taking stock of the ways that these technologies have increased domination. Encompassing the blurriness between digital and corporeal spaces, the paper contributes by revealing new geographies of contestation against state strategies to dominate the Russian internet. Overlapping with but not corresponding to Russian territorial boundaries, these dynamics highlight shifting spaces of power and resistance in the increasingly illiberal world

ТРАНСПЛАНТАЦИЯ ФЕКАЛЬНОЙ МИКРОБИОТЫ ПРИ КРИТИЧЕСКОМ СОСТОЯНИИ ПАЦИЕНТОВ В ОНКОГЕМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an effective method to treat malignancy and some solid tumors which may be accompanied by life-threatening immune and infectious complications refractory to standard immunosuppressive and antibacterial therapy. According to literature data, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be applied to restore functional activity of microbiota and to overcome antibiotic resistance. Two clinical cases of FMT in critical ill patients who had developed acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) of intestine after allo-HSCT are presented in the article. The aim of the study was to assess FMT efficiency and safety in immunocompromised critically ill patients. Results. Following FMT, a complete regress of aGvHD signs as well as reduction of systemic infectious process were registered, due to probable modulation of the immune response. In one patient, elimination from respiratory ways of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae positive for NDM- and OXA-48- producing was noted, like as elimination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa synthesizing KRS-type carbapenemase. Conclusions. FMT may be considered an alternative approach to intestinal aGvHD treatment in critically ill patients after allo-HSCT.Аллогенная трансплантация гемопоэтических стволовых клеток (алло-ТГСК), применяемая при лечении онкогематологических заболеваний, часто сопровождается жизнеугрожающими иммунными и инфекционными осложнениями, рефрактерными к стандартной иммуносупрессивной и антибактериальной терапии. Исходя из данных литературы, к методам восстановления функциональной активности микробиоты и способам преодоления антибиотикорезистентности в таких случаях может быть отнесена трансплантация фекальной микробиоты (ТФМ). В статье представлено описание двух случаев применения ТФМ в комплексном лечении пациентов в критическом состоянии, явившемся следствием развития реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» (РТПХ) с поражением кишечника после алло-ТГСК. Цель: анализ эффективности и безопасности, а также оценка перспективности применения метода ТФМ у иммунокомпрометированных пациентов в критическом состоянии. Результаты. ТФМ сопровождалась полным регрессом проявлений РТПХ, купированием системного инфекционного процесса благодаря модулированию иммунного ответа. У одного пациента также отмечена элиминация из дыхательных путей Klebsiella pneumoniae, продуцирующей карбапенемазы NDM- и OXA-48-типов, и Pseudomonas aeruginosa, продуцирующей карбапенемазу КРС-типа. Вывод. ТФМ может рассматриваться в качестве метода лечения РТПХ кишечника у пациентов в критическом состоянии после алло-ТГСК

Mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Mupirocin is widely used for nasal decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus to prevent subsequent staphylococcal infection in patients and healthcare personnel. However, the prolonged and unrestricted use has led to the emergence of mupirocin-resistant (mupR) S. aureus. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the prevalence, phenotypic and molecular characteristics, and geographic spread of mupR S. aureus in Africa. Methods We examined five electronic databases (EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Scopus) for relevant English articles on screening for mupR S. aureus from various samples in Africa. In addition, we performed random effects meta-analysis of proportions to determine the pooled prevalence of mupR S. aureus in Africa. The search was conducted until 3 August 2016. Results We identified 43 eligible studies of which 11 (26%) were obtained only through Google Scholar. Most of the eligible studies (28/43; 65%) were conducted in Nigeria (10/43; 23%), Egypt (7/43; 16%), South Africa (6/43; 14%) and Tunisia (5/43; 12%). Overall, screening for mupR S. aureus was described in only 12 of 54 (22%) African countries. The disk diffusion method was the widely used technique (67%; 29/43) for the detection of mupR S. aureus in Africa. The mupA-positive S. aureus isolates were identified in five studies conducted in Egypt (n = 2), South Africa (n = 2), and Nigeria (n = 1). Low-level resistance (LmupR) and high-level resistance (HmupR) were both reported in six human studies from South Africa (n = 3), Egypt (n = 2) and Libya (n = 1). Data on mupR-MRSA was available in 11 studies from five countries, including Egypt, Ghana, Libya, Nigeria and South Africa. The pooled prevalence (based on 11 human studies) of mupR S. aureus in Africa was 14% (95% CI =6.8 to 23.2%). The proportion of mupA-positive S. aureus in Africa ranged between 0.5 and 8%. Furthermore, the frequency of S. aureus isolates that exhibited LmupR, HmupR and mupR-MRSA in Africa were 4 and 47%, 0.5 and 38%, 5 and 50%, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of mupR S. aureus in Africa (14%) is worrisome and there is a need for data on administration and use of mupirocin. The disk diffusion method which is widely utilized in Africa could be an important method for the screening and identification of mupR S. aureus. Moreover, we advocate for surveillance studies with appropriate guidelines for screening mupR S. aureus in Africa