DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF RILPIVIRINE NANOPARTICLE CONTAINING CHITOSAN USING IONIC GELATION METHOD FOR HIV INFECTIONS

Objective: The primary objective of the current research was to prepare rilpivirine loaded Nanoparticles containing Chitosan using the ionic gelation method for HIV infections. Methods: The nanoparticles of rilpivirine were prepared using the ionic gelation technique. Further, nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in vitro drug release. Results: The optimized nanoparticles were found with a particle size of 130.30±5.29 nm (mean±SD) and entrapment efficiency (% EE) of 77.10±0.50%. Scanning electron microscopy technique exposed spherical particles with uniform size. It was observed that the nanoparticles created showed the absence of the crystalline nature of the drug and its switch to the amorphous state. Results showed that more than 45% of the pure drug is released in 50 min and after 90 min almost about 95% of the drug is released. Conclusion: The research study concluded that the in vitro release profile of nanoparticles was found to be sustained up to 24 hr. Sustained release of the rilpivirine could improve patient obedience to drug regimens, growing action effectiveness.&nbsp

Box-Behnkenov eksperimentalni dizajn u izradi pektin-kompritol ATO 888 obloženih tableta za ciljanu isporuku mesalamina u kolon

The aim of this study was to investigate the combined influence of 3 independent variables in the compression coated tablet of mesalamine for ulcerative colitis. A 3-factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design was used to derive a second order polynomial equation and construct contour plots to predict responses. The independent variables selected were: percentage of polymers (pectin and compritol ATO 888) in compression coating (X1), coating mass (X2) and coating force (X3). Fifteen batches were prepared and evaluated for percent of drug released in 5 h (Y5), time required for 50 % mesalamine to disolve (t50) with rat cecal (RC) content and without rat cecal content (t50), percent of drug released in 24 h in the presence of rat cecal content (Y24 with RC). Transformed values of independent and dependent variables were subjected to multiple regressions to establish a full-model second-order polynomial equation. F was calculated to confirm the omission of insignificant terms from the full-model equation. The computer optimization process and contour plots predicted the levels of independent variables X1, X2, and X3 (0, 0.2 and –0.15 respectively) for colon targeting and total percent of drug released up to 24 h.Cilj rada bio je ispitati utjecaj tri nezavisne varijable u obloženim tabletama mesalamina za ulcerativni kolitis. 3-faktorijalni, Box-Behnkenov dizajn na 3 nivoa upotrijebljen je za dobivanje polinomske jednadžbe drugog reda i konstruiranje konturnih krivulja za predviđanje odgovora. Izabrane nezavisne varijable bile su: udio polimera (pektin i kompritol ATO 888) u oblaganju kompresijom (X1), masa tvari za oblaganje (X2) i sila za oblaganje (X3). Izrađeno je petnaest pripravaka kojima su ispitani sljedeći parametri: udio lijeka oslobođenog nakon 5 h (Y5), vrijeme potrebno za otapanje 50 % mesalamina (t50) uz i bez prisutnosti crijevnog sadržaja štakora (RC), postotak oslobođenog lijeka tijekom 24 h u prisutnosti crijevnog sadržaja (Y24 uz RC). Transformirane vrijednosti nezavisnih i zavisnih varijabla podvrgnute su višestrukoj regresijskoj analizi da se odredi polinomska jednadžba drugog reda potpunog modela. F vrijednost izračunata je da se potvrdi izostavljanje neznačajnih članova iz jednadžbe potpunog modela. Kompjutorski optimizirani proces i krivulje predviđaju nezavisne varijable X1, X2 i X3 (0, 0,2, odnosno –0,15) za ciljanu isporuku u kolon i ukupni postotak lijeka oslobođenog tijekom 24 h

Giant prostatic hyperplasia: surgical treatment a rare case

We report a rare case of giant prostatic hyperplasia in an 80-year-old male patient. MRI revealed a markedly enlarged prostate measuring 814gm.We have performed suprapubic open prostatectomy (Transvesical). The adenoma was completely enucleated in one piece which was 11cm×16cm in size and weighed 504gm

Adverse drug reaction monitoring on antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus patients in a tertiary care hospital

Background: The aim of current study was to assess the pattern of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy.Methods: A prospective, observational study was carried out for duration of 15 months. Clinical and treatment data were collected from patients, who underwent ARV therapy during the study period. CDSCO forms were used to record the ADRs. Causality, severity and preventability were assessed by suitable scales.Result: Out of 216 patients 165 (76%) patients develop ADRs. Total of 274 ADRs were noted among 165 patients (1.66 ADR/patient). Out of them 100 (60.60%) were males and 65 (39.39%) were females. The most common ADR was gastrointestinal disorders (83, 30.29%). The most numbers of ADRs were observed in ZLN (Zidovudine + Lamivudine + Nevirapine) regimen (54%) followed by SLN (Stavudine + Lamivudine + Nevirapine) regimen (26%). According to WHO causality assessment scale most ADRs were possible (236, 86.13%). Hartwig and Siegel severity scale show 243 (88.69%) ADRs were moderate. Schumock and Thornton scale show all, ADRs were “not preventable.”Conclusion: Early detection of drug toxicity helps to treat the patient and modify the drug regimen to minimize toxic effects

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Use of Thermally Grown Oxide Stress Measurements to Predict Remaining Life of Thermal Barrier Coatings under Realistic Turbine Engine Conditions

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are important in increasing performance and extending the life of gas turbine engine hot parts. Over the course of thermal cycling and engine operation, the coatings eventually spall off exposing superalloys to extreme temperatures. In this thesis, two aspects involving thermal barrier coating life prediction were explored. The first was by making use of stress measurements in the thermally grown oxide (TGO) to predict lives of samples subjected to non-constant furnace testing. This work used data from an earlier thesis and for the first time developed specific strategies to predict remaining life in the face of changing peak temperatures and hold times. Secondly, the relation between stress and coating life in two new coating systems was explored experimentally with furnace cycling and TGO stress measurements which was done as input for a potential industrial application to aircraft maintenance. Because there was an issue with one of the two samples types supplied, the project was expanded to understand the nature of the defect in some of the samples provided. All research was conducted in service of the goal of allowing TGO stress measurements to be used to predict remaining life of actual engine parts

Box-Behnken experimental design in the development of pectin-compritol ATO 888 compression coated colon targeted drug delivery of mesalamine

A novel oral colon-specific drug delivery system (CDDS) has been developed as one of the site-specific drug delivery systems. This delivery system, by means of combining one or more controlled release mechanisms, hardly releases the drug in the upper part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but rapidly releases drug in the colon following oral administration. The necessity and advantage of CDDS have been recognized and reviewed recently (1-3). Owing to CDDS specifically delivering the drug to the colon, many bene- The aim of this study was to investigate the combined influence of 3 independent variables in the compression coated tablet of mesalamine for ulcerative colitis. A 3--factor, 3-level Box-Behnken design was used to derive a second order polynomial equation and construct contour plots to predict responses. The independent variables selected were: percentage of polymers (pectin and compritol ATO 888) in compression coating (X 1 ), coating mass (X 2 ) and coating force (X 3 ). Fifteen batches were prepared and evaluated for percent of drug released in 5 h (Y 5 ), time required for 50 % mesalamine to dissolve (t 50 ) with rat cecal (RC) content and without rat cecal content (t 50 ), percent of drug released in 24 h in the presence of rat cecal content (Y 24 with RC). Transformed values of independent and dependent variables were subjected to multiple regressions to establish a full-model second-order polynomial equation. F was calculated to confirm the omission of insignificant terms from the full-model equation. The computer optimization process and contour plots predicted the levels of independent variables X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 (0, 0.2 and -0.15, respectively) for colon targeting and total percent of drug released up to 24 h

Ceftriaxone-induced radiation recall dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Radiation recall dermatitis (RRD) is an acute inflammatory skin reaction occurring in a skin area previously exposed to radiotherapy and triggered by subsequent intake of a drug, most commonly a chemotherapeutic agent. RRD secondary to antibiotics has also been reported but is a rare phenomenon overall and there are no reports of RRD in association with ceftriaxone exposure. METHODS: We report on a 59-year-old patient who had received radiotherapy to the neck bilaterally and who developed RRD 6 months later after a single dose of intramuscular ceftriaxone. RESULTS: The patient\u27s rash resolved without further intervention over the ensuing 2 days following administration of a single dose of ceftriaxone. CONCLUSION: This case illustrates that while RRD secondary to antibiotic exposure is rare, it is part of the differential diagnosis to be considered for acute dermatitis when there is a past history of radiotherapy to the same skin area

A Comparative study on depression and its factors among First year and Final year M.B.B.S students of S.B.K.S.M.I. & R.C, Piparia

Introduction:Mental health has been holed up behind a blind of disgrace and segregation for a really long time. Not only do 56 million Indians (4.5% of India's populace) experience the ill effects of depression as of now, another 38 million Indians experience the ill effects of nervousness issue and anxiety disorders.Objective:1.To find prevalence of depression among medical students of S.B.K.S.M.I &amp; R.C. 2. To find out risk factors associated with depression among study population.3. Compare those risk factors among a first year and final year students of S.B.K.S.M.I &amp; R.C.Methods:ThisCross sectional study was conducted among First year and Final year students of S.B.K.S.M.I. &amp; R.C. piparia, Total 150 students in first year batch and 98 students in final year MBBS batch, All students (112 from first year &amp; 63 from final year) present on the day of data collection were included in study.After obtaining the permission from ethical committee to conduct study and after taking permission from the higher authority for data collection at medical college, we started data collection. Data was collected in two questionnaires. Questionnaire one on personal Data and factors associated with mental health and second questionnaire on Zung Depression Scale to assess the level of depression symptoms.Results:Out of 112 first year students, 48 were female participants and 64 were male participants while Out of 63 final year students, 21 were female participants and 42 were male participants. Out of total 112 first year MBBS students 84 (75%), 26 (23.21%), 2, (1.78%) and 0 (0%)&nbsp; were having Normal Range (25-49), Mildly Depressed (50-59), Moderately Depressed (60-69) &amp; Severely Depressed (70 &amp; above) Zung Depression scale score respectively.&nbsp; Out of total 63 final year MBBS students 44 (69.84%), 17 (26.98), 2 (3.12%) &amp; 0 (0%) were having Normal Range (25-49), Mildly Depressed (50-59), Moderately Depressed (60-69) &amp; Severely Depressed (70 &amp; above) Zung Depression scale score respectively. Yates' χ2 was used as a test of significant to find out association. We found that there is no statistical significance on prevalence of depression between first year and final year student. (p = 0.978)Discussion:Symptoms suggestive of depression were found in 24.99% (Mild 23.21%) (Moderate 1.78%) of first year Medical students and 30.1 (26.98% &amp; Moderate 3.12%) of final year Medical students which do not corresponds with prevalence rates found in other developing countries. Prevalence found in this this study is somewhat lower than other comparative studies conducted in developing and developed world

08 A PROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN EARLY AND INTERVAL LAPAROSCOPIC/OPEN CHOLECYSTECTOMY IN PATIENTS OF ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS

&lt;p&gt;24A | 38 | JAN 2022 | IJABMS&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Medical Journal Research Article&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;08 A PROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN EARLY AND INTERVAL LAPAROSCOPIC/OPEN CHOLECYSTECTOMY IN PATIENTS OF ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS&lt;/p&gt