Государственная власть как правовая категория: понятие, сущность и признаки

This article analyzes the fundamental issues of the evolution of approaches to the legal category of state power. The authors consider the phenomenon of power as one of the most important types of social interaction. The authors show that during this evolution, along with the preservation of universal (essential) characteristics due to the nature and social purpose of the state, there is a modification of those properties and characteristics of state power that have a specific historical character and depend on many factors affecting ways of implementing state power. The article reveals the main types of state power and methods of its implementation. According to the authors, the power is not the result of only violence, the suppression of one person by another, but comes from the very nature of man. The authors reveal the category of “state power” by examining its content, characteristics, elements, subjects, and objects. They examine the ways of expressing political power as a type of domination of the corresponding social group depending on a particular historical type of society.Este artículo analiza los problemas fundamentales de la evolución de los enfoques a la categoría legal del poder estatal. Los autores consideran el fenómeno del poder como uno de los tipos más importantes de interacción social. Los autores muestran que, durante esta evolución, junto con la preservación de las características universales (esenciales) debido a la naturaleza y el propósito social del estado, hay una modificación de aquellas propiedades y características del poder estatal que tienen un carácter histórico específico y dependen de Muchos factores afectan las formas de implementar el poder del Estado. El artículo revela los principales tipos de poder estatal y los métodos para su implementación. Según los autores, el poder no es el resultado de solo violencia, la supresión de una persona por otra, sino que proviene de la naturaleza misma del hombre. Los autores revelan la categoría de "poder estatal" al examinar su contenido, características, elementos, sujetos y objetos. Examinan las formas de expresar el poder político como un tipo de dominación del grupo social correspondiente dependiendo de un tipo histórico particular de sociedad.В данной статье анализируются основные вопросы эволюции подходов к правовой категории государственной власти. Авторы рассматривают феномен власти как один из важнейших видов социального взаимодействия. Авторы показывают, что в ходе этой эволюции наряду с сохранением универсальных (существенных) характеристик, обусловленных природой и социальным предназначением государства, происходит модификация тех свойств и характеристик государственной власти, которые имеют специфический исторический характер и зависят от множество факторов, влияющих на способы осуществления государственной власти. В статье раскрыты основные виды государственной власти и методы ее реализации. По мнению авторов, власть не является результатом только насилия, подавления одного человека другим, а исходит из самой природы человека. Авторы раскрывают категорию «государственная власть», изучая ее содержание, характеристики, элементы, предметы и объекты. Они исследуют способы выражения политической власти как тип доминирования соответствующей социальной группы в зависимости от определенного исторического типа общества

Минералогические и биологические свидетели Редикарского захоронения X–XI вв.

The study of products of copper alloys of the Lomatov culture of the X-XI centuries from the collection of the Cherdyn Museum revealed two types of patina. The first pseudomorphic might be composed of intergrowths of chlorides formed upon interaction with the sweat of the hands, or a zonal rim of cuprite-malachite-azurite composition, due to interaction with groundwater. The second type, which distorts the shape of the original product, is associated with the leaching of copper and other metals and the crystallization of oxides and salts on the surface in the form of worm-like, kidney-shaped and drusoid aggregates. Fragments of mineralized biological objects (wings, eggs and larvae of flies, mole hair) found on the surface of the patina testify to the rapid oxidation of bronze, which is associated with flooding of the soil of the burial ground immediately after burial.Археоминералогическое изучение изделий из медных сплавов ломоватовской культуры X–XI вв. из коллекции Чердынского краеведческого музея позволило выявить два типа патины. Первая – псевдоморфная – может быть сложена вростками хлоридов, формирующихся при взаимодействии с потом рук, или зональной оторочкой куприт-малахит-азуритового состава, обусловленной взаимодействием с грунтовыми водами. Второй тип, искажающий форму исходного изделия, связывается с выщелачиванием меди и других металлов и кристаллизацией оксидов и солей на поверхности в виде червеобразных, почковидных и друзовидных агрегатов. Выявленные на поверхности патины фрагменты минерализованных биологических объектов (крылья, яйца и личинки мух, волосы крота) свидетельствуют о быстрой скорости окисления бронзы, что связывается с обводнением грунта могильника сразу после захоронени

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE ASSOCIATED DIARRHEA IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY HOSPITAL

Currently, Clostridium difficile is the main reason of a nosocomial diarrhea, caused by uncontrolled antibacterial treatment. This problem is not paid, enough attention in our country. We analyzed. 536 cases of antibiotic associated infections using new immunochromotographical assay for express detection of Clostridium difficile. Since 2008 to 2011 evaluated rate of the positive tests was 28,7 % among the hospital patients. The first line therapy of this infection is vancomycine and metronidazole. We also observed increased incidence of mycosis, which accompanying the antibiotic associated diarrheas. During the same period the rate of Candida spp. infection was 50,8 % among the same patients. We used fluconazole and. amphotericine for the mycosis treatment. We also recommended to manage disbiosis during one year after discontinue of the treatment, and. we supposed reasonable to be managed by infectionist for this group of patients

Surface hydrogenation of oxygen terminated MXenes M2CO2 (M = Ti, V, Nb)

We have investigated reduction of MXenes M2CO2 (M = Ti, V, Nb) surface by hydrogen using density functional theory and statistical physics methods. We have approximated lateral interactions between adsorbed hydrogen with simple pairwise potential. We have confirmed model stability via cross-validation. Adsorption isotherms are calculated using Metropolis Monte Carlo method. We have built analytical Langmuir-like approximation of calculated isotherms. Ordered phases with 1/3 and 2/3 ML coverage are visually observed at low temperatures. At temperatures above 300 K no obvious plateau is observed, and intermediate phases does not exist. We compared adsorptive properties of MXenes at the same external conditions

Green, Brown, and Now White Certificates: Are Three One Too Many? A Micromodel of Market Interaction

Our paper deals with modeling the effects of introducing a market-based tool for improving end-users' efficiency in an energy market which is already regulated through a cap-and-trade system for green house gas emissions and a quota system meant to improve competitiveness of energy produced using renewable resources. Our results show that the regulation of energy demand achieves its underlying objects of energy savings and energy efficiency solely at the expense of other goals such as the environmental efficiency of energy production. In our model, the implementation of a market for White Certificates (WCTS) causes energy producers' investment in abatement to decrease along with the price for Brown Certificates and the amount of renewable energy demanded. Once we turn to the currently more empirically relevant case of integrating end-users only partially into WCTS, the unregulated group compensates in parts for the decrease in demand of the regulated group, due to an indirect price effect. As both supply and demand side of the market are regulated, this special set of regulations applied can, therefore, be compared to the grip of pincers embracing the entire market, leaving some of it virtually scarred. Consequently, we intended to search for alternative policy measures, which are able to achieve an increase in end-users' energy efficiency without the negative side-effects witnessed in case of a WCTS. In our model a subsidized reduction in the price for households' investment in energy efficiency renders just slightly more favorable results than an implementation of WCTS. However, the most effective way to accomplish all goals of environmental policy alike is to reduce the cap on emissions

Resolution on the results of Advisory Board “Searching the effective methods of testing and treating patients with NSCLC caused by <i>NTRK</i> gene fusions“

The Advisory Board was held on December 24, 2021. The molecular genetic research lead specialists and national lead oncologists discussed issues of diagnosis of NTRK gene translocations in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as well as current opportunities for the treatment of patients with NSCLC caused by NTRK gene fusions. The experts reaffirmed the necessity to identify timely patients with NSCLC caused by NTRK gene fusions, as the correct diagnosis of the disease, including the use of modern diagnostic methods of NTRK gene fusion (NGS is the most sensitive and specific method) determines the success of patient treatment. In this regard, it is critical that physicians know the advantages and disadvantages of each molecular diagnostic method used to have the opportunity to choose the best approach in each clinical case. In order to have a clear, well-functioning strategy for managing patients with suspected NSCLC caused by NTRK gene fusion, it is necessary to use molecular genetic tests, as well as include TRK inhibitors (in particular, the drug larotrectinib; at the time publication of the Resolution, the drug larotrectinib is not registered in the territory of the Russian Federation) in the clinical guidelines for the treatment of lung cancer. Larotrectinib is a highly selective tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitor. The clinical studies on larotrectinib have demonstrated high response rates and durable responses in adults and children with tumours associated with NTRK gene fusions, including primary CNS tumours and brain metastases. The objective response rate observed with larotrectinib was 79%, with 16% achieving a complete response and 64% achieving a partial response. At the same time, the median progression-free survival on larotrectinib was 28.3 months, and the median overall survival was 44.4 months

The Pandora multi-algorithm approach to automated pattern recognition of cosmic-ray muon and neutrino events in the MicroBooNE detector.

The development and operation of liquid-argon time-projection chambers for neutrino physics has created a need for new approaches to pattern recognition in order to fully exploit the imaging capabilities offered by this technology. Whereas the human brain can excel at identifying features in the recorded events, it is a significant challenge to develop an automated, algorithmic solution. The Pandora Software Development Kit provides functionality to aid the design and implementation of pattern-recognition algorithms. It promotes the use of a multi-algorithm approach to pattern recognition, in which individual algorithms each address a specific task in a particular topology. Many tens of algorithms then carefully build up a picture of the event and, together, provide a robust automated pattern-recognition solution. This paper describes details of the chain of over one hundred Pandora algorithms and tools used to reconstruct cosmic-ray muon and neutrino events in the MicroBooNE detector. Metrics that assess the current pattern-recognition performance are presented for simulated MicroBooNE events, using a selection of final-state event topologies

Ionization Electron Signal Processing in Single Phase LArTPCs II. Data/Simulation Comparison and Performance in MicroBooNE

The single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) provides a large amount of detailed information in the form of fine-grained drifted ionization charge from particle traces. To fully utilize this information, the deposited charge must be accurately extracted from the raw digitized waveforms via a robust signal processing chain. Enabled by the ultra-low noise levels associated with cryogenic electronics in the MicroBooNE detector, the precise extraction of ionization charge from the induction wire planes in a single-phase LArTPC is qualitatively demonstrated on MicroBooNE data with event display images, and quantitatively demonstrated via waveform-level and track-level metrics. Improved performance of induction plane calorimetry is demonstrated through the agreement of extracted ionization charge measurements across different wire planes for various event topologies. In addition to the comprehensive waveform-level comparison of data and simulation, a calibration of the cryogenic electronics response is presented and solutions to various MicroBooNE-specific TPC issues are discussed. This work presents an important improvement in LArTPC signal processing, the foundation of reconstruction and therefore physics analyses in MicroBooNE.Comment: 54 pages, 36 figures; the first part of this work can be found at arXiv:1802.0870

Design and construction of the MicroBooNE Cosmic Ray Tagger system

The MicroBooNE detector utilizes a liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) with an 85 t active mass to study neutrino interactions along the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at Fermilab. With a deployment location near ground level, the detector records many cosmic muon tracks in each beam-related detector trigger that can be misidentified as signals of interest. To reduce these cosmogenic backgrounds, we have designed and constructed a TPC-external Cosmic Ray Tagger (CRT). This sub-system was developed by the Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), Albert Einstein center for fundamental physics, University of Bern. The system utilizes plastic scintillation modules to provide precise time and position information for TPC-traversing particles. Successful matching of TPC tracks and CRT data will allow us to reduce cosmogenic background and better characterize the light collection system and LArTPC data using cosmic muons. In this paper we describe the design and installation of the MicroBooNE CRT system and provide an overview of a series of tests done to verify the proper operation of the system and its components during installation, commissioning, and physics data-taking

Noise Characterization and Filtering in the MicroBooNE Liquid Argon TPC

The low-noise operation of readout electronics in a liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) is critical to properly extract the distribution of ionization charge deposited on the wire planes of the TPC, especially for the induction planes. This paper describes the characteristics and mitigation of the observed noise in the MicroBooNE detector. The MicroBooNE's single-phase LArTPC comprises two induction planes and one collection sense wire plane with a total of 8256 wires. Current induced on each TPC wire is amplified and shaped by custom low-power, low-noise ASICs immersed in the liquid argon. The digitization of the signal waveform occurs outside the cryostat. Using data from the first year of MicroBooNE operations, several excess noise sources in the TPC were identified and mitigated. The residual equivalent noise charge (ENC) after noise filtering varies with wire length and is found to be below 400 electrons for the longest wires (4.7 m). The response is consistent with the cold electronics design expectations and is found to be stable with time and uniform over the functioning channels. This noise level is significantly lower than previous experiments utilizing warm front-end electronics.Comment: 36 pages, 20 figure