Addressing Tensions between Colonial and Post-Colonial Histories: Modeling Hawaiian Fort Pā‘ula‘ula/Russian Fort Elizabeth, Kaua‘i Island, Hawai‘i

We address interpretive challenges at multicultural sites by presenting a digital reconstruction of a fort built in 1816 on Kaua‘i Island known as “Pā‘ula‘ula” or “Hīpō” in Hawaiian texts and as “Fort Elizabeth” in Russian texts. Based on archival documents, maps, photographs, and archaeological research, we create diachronic 3D models to illustrate the cultural complexities behind the site’s formation. The results of the study provide more public visibility to this poorly understood National Historic Landmark. The 3D models are intended to foster community-based engagement with academic research by providing representations of the fort and surrounding cultural landscape as it changed over time; they would also assist people in better estimating what would be necessary to design and complete a full-scale restoration of the fort

Сцепление бетона восстановления с коррозионно-деструктурированной железобетонной конструкцией

. The adhesion of concrete is a decisive factor in restoring the performance of reinforced concrete structures. During the operation of reinforced concrete in an aggressive environment, aggressive agents penetrate through the pores and capillaries to the reinforcement which begins to corrode. The resulting corrosion products have a large volume than the metal itself, and create pressure on the protective layer concrete from the inside. Ultimately, it exfoliates, the unprotected reinforcement is destroyed even more intensively, and soon the structure loses its bearing capacity. Standard restoration includes cleaning the damaged surface, additional reinforcement and concrete coating of the structure. However, after sometime, peeling of the repair concrete is often observed. This is because a layer damaged by corrosion does not provide high-quality adhesion of the “old” concrete to the “new” one. The reason is the destruction of the structure of the surface concrete layer by aggressive influences. In most cases, carbon dioxide is an aggressive agent. The study of the effect of carbon dioxide on cement stone has shown the destruction of the crystalline framework of the material and a decrease in its cohesive strength. Micrographs of cement stone damaged and undamaged by corrosion, taken with magnification 7000 times, convincingly demonstrate the results of the destructive work of carbon dioxide. This has a significant effect on grip. The use of forced heating of the repair mixture when it is placed in contact with the restored structure leads to the appearance of temperature gradients that enhance thermal diffusion. And the greater the temperature gradient, the more intense and deeper the penetration of the cement dissolution products from the repair concrete into the concrete body of the structure being restored. And this, in turn, contributes to the impregnation of the damaged cement stone with the liquid phase from the repair concrete mixture. Crystallizing, the cement dissolution products form a new crystalline structure in the damaged cement stone, which enhances its cohesive strength and binds the repair concrete to the intact concrete structure of the restored structure, ensuring the quality of adhesion.Сцепление бетонов является решающим фактором при восстановлении работоспособности железобетонных конструкций. Во время эксплуатации железобетона в агрессивной среде агрессивные агенты через поры и капилляры проникают к арматуре, которая начинает корродировать. Образующиеся продукты коррозии обладают большим объемом, чем сам металл, и создают давление на защитный слой бетона изнутри. В конечном счете, он отслаивается, незащищенная арматура еще интенсивнее разрушается, и вскоре конструкция теряет несущую способность. Стандартное восстановление включает в себя очистку поврежденной поверхности, дополнительное армирование и обетонирование конструкции. Однако часто спустя некоторое время наблюдается отслоение ремонтного бетона. Это происходит потому, что поврежденный коррозией слой не обеспечивает качественного сцепления «старого» бетона с «новым». Причина – в разрушении структуры поверхностного слоя бетона агрессивными воздействиями. В большинстве случаев агрессивным агентом выступает углекислый газ. Исследование влияния углекислого газа на цементный камень показало разрушение кристаллического каркаса материала и снижение его когезионной прочности. Микрофотографии поврежденного и неповрежденного коррозией цементного камня, сделанные с увеличением в 7000 раз, убедительно демонстрируют результаты разрушительной работы углекислоты. Это существенно влияет на сцепление. Применение форсированного разогрева ремонтной смеси при ее укладке в контакт с поверхностью восстанавливаемой конструкции ведет к появлению температурных градиентов, усиливающих термодиффузию. И чем больше температурный градиент, тем интенсивнее и глубже проникновение продуктов растворения цемента из ремонтного бетона в тело бетона восстанавливаемой конструкции. А это, в свою очередь, способствует пропитыванию поврежденного цементного камня жидкой фазой из ремонтной бетонной смеси. Кристаллизуясь, продукты растворения цемента формируют в поврежденном цементном камне новую кристаллическую структуру, которая усиливает его когезионную прочность и связывает ремонтный бетон с неповрежденной структурой бетона восстанавливаемой конструкции, гарантируя качество сцепления

Влияние карбонизации бетонных поверхностей на их сцепление со свежеуложенным бетоном

During operation, concrete and reinforced concrete structures are exposed to the aggressive environment of carbon dioxide. During the reconstruction and overhaul of the berthing facilities in the coastal zone of the seas of the Far East, a weak bond strength of the “old” carbonated and “new” repair concrete has been established in the paper. The reason that prevents reliable adhesion of concrete is the formation of fragile corrosion products in the pores and on the surface of “old” concrete. Accelerated tests of concrete carbonization from exposure to carbon dioxide have been carried out in the course  of the study. The structure of the carbonized cement stone has been examined using a scanning electron microscope. The research results have made it possible to assess the structure of a “healthy” cement stone and affected by carbonization.  The performed analysis of concrete carbonization process, including micrographs of the samples, has shown that under the action of carbon dioxide, the surface layer with a thickness of 4 mm and more undergoes structural restructuring. Fibrous formations are destroyed, and the carbonized volume is a heap of loosely bound loose new formations and films blocking the entrances to the capillary system of concrete. They are not a reliable basis for adhesion of “new” and “old” concrete and prevent the penetration of liquid containing cement dissolution products from “new” concrete into the capillaries of the healthy structure of the “old” concrete for their reliable connection.В процессе эксплуатации бетонные и железобетонные конструкции подвержены воздействию агрессивной среды углекислого газа. При реконструкции и капитальном ремонте причальных сооружений прибрежной зоны морей Дальнего Востока установлена слабая прочность сцепления «старого» карбонизированного и «нового» ремонтного бетонов. Причиной, препятствующей надежному сцеплению бетонов, является образование непрочных продуктов коррозии в порах и на поверхности «старого» бетона. В процессе исследования выполнены ускоренные испытания карбонизации бетона от воздействия углекислого газа. Структура карбонизированного цементного камня исследована с помощью электронного сканирующего микроскопа. Результаты исследований позволили оценить структуры «здорового» и пораженного карбонизацией цементных камней. Выполненный анализ процесса карбонизации бетона, включая микрофотографии образцов, показал, что под действием углекислоты поверхностный слой толщиной 4 мм  и более претерпевает перестройку структуры. Волокнистые образования разрушаются, и карбонизированный объем представляет собой груду слабосвязанных рыхлых новообразований и пленок, перекрывающих входы в капиллярную систему бетона. Они не являются надежной основой для сцепления «нового» и «старого» бетонов и препятствуют проникновению жидкости, содержащей продукты растворения цемента из «нового» бетона в капилляры здоровой структуры «старого» для их надежного соединения

Population genomics of post-glacial western Eurasia.

Western Eurasia witnessed several large-scale human migrations during the Holocene <sup>1-5</sup> . Here, to investigate the cross-continental effects of these migrations, we shotgun-sequenced 317 genomes-mainly from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods-from across northern and western Eurasia. These were imputed alongside published data to obtain diploid genotypes from more than 1,600 ancient humans. Our analyses revealed a 'great divide' genomic boundary extending from the Black Sea to the Baltic. Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were highly genetically differentiated east and west of this zone, and the effect of the neolithization was equally disparate. Large-scale ancestry shifts occurred in the west as farming was introduced, including near-total replacement of hunter-gatherers in many areas, whereas no substantial ancestry shifts happened east of the zone during the same period. Similarly, relatedness decreased in the west from the Neolithic transition onwards, whereas, east of the Urals, relatedness remained high until around 4,000 BP, consistent with the persistence of localized groups of hunter-gatherers. The boundary dissolved when Yamnaya-related ancestry spread across western Eurasia around 5,000 BP, resulting in a second major turnover that reached most parts of Europe within a 1,000-year span. The genetic origin and fate of the Yamnaya have remained elusive, but we show that hunter-gatherers from the Middle Don region contributed ancestry to them. Yamnaya groups later admixed with individuals associated with the Globular Amphora culture before expanding into Europe. Similar turnovers occurred in western Siberia, where we report new genomic data from a 'Neolithic steppe' cline spanning the Siberian forest steppe to Lake Baikal. These prehistoric migrations had profound and lasting effects on the genetic diversity of Eurasian populations

EDUCATIONAL REFORM AND STUDENTS’ SUBJECTIVITY PROSPECTS

The article considers problems of students’ subjectivity development and change in the process of reforming the educational system. The authors note the fact of subjectivity redistribution between the educational process participants in the circumstances of strengthening student-centered approach in education, presupposing interactivity and breaking with the traditionalist intentions in positioning the student as only an object of education. Contemporaryeducational processis presented as an “agent-agent” interaction, when student not only experiences an informational influence, but also influences, though indirectly, reforming the education system from within.For the empirical basis the article uses the results of sociological surveys among students and teachers of the Novosibirsk State Academy of Architecture and Arts (NSAAA)

Natural oases in the Baraba forest steppe as a basis of the life support system

Приведены результаты археологического исследования природных оазисов в Барабинской лесостепи.The Baraba forest-steppe occupies a large territory between the rivers Ob and Irtysh, stretches over 200 km from the taiga zone in the north to the steppes in the south. The northern part of the Baraba region is swampy and forested, in the south, to the contrary, it transforms into the steppe. In different parts of the forest-steppe living conditions of the indigenous people were different. These differences used to determine the specificity of human activities on such area. On the Baraba territory some kinds of oases were formed — the zones, which had the most comfortable conditions for human being. It is now possible to talk about four of these oases. Its territories are characterized by the large water bodies with developed floodplains, which is periodically flooded and turned into the meadows. Like the desert oases, these territories used to be extremely important for the indigenous people. They helped the populations to survive in drought years

Early neolithic ceramics of Western Siberia (thermal analysis results)

The article discusses the results of thermal analysis (DTG) of ceramic vessels samples from archaeological sites of Baraba and the Lower Ob region of the Early Neolithic period. The DTG technique is based on the quantitative determination of mass loss by a sample at the stages of dehydration - mass loss within the temperature interval between 30-350°C (m1) and decomposition of hydroxyls - mass loss within the interval between 350-600°C (m2). The data are visualized by a graph. Attention is focused on comparing the location of the indicators of the samples from the Tartas-1, Ust-Tartas-1, Autodrom-2/1 and 2/2, Amnya-1, Kirip-Vis-Yugan-2 sites. The authors establish the possibility of using the thermal method for fixing - based on determining the quality of firing - ancient ceramic complexes. It is revealed that the items of the studied sites were subjected to short-term low-temperature firing. The ceramics of the Amnya-1, Kirip-Vis-Yugan-2 sites was divided into two groups. One of them demonstrates the isolation of crockery from the northern regions and its gravitation towards a group with ancient Far Eastern ceramics, which may be the result of the convergent development of pottery production. © 2019 Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of RAS. All rights reserved