Tectonics and volcanisms of Mars

Televised images of Mars transmitted from interplanetary stations are used to develop a theory of the structure and development of the planet. Crater chronology, the structure of planetary bodies in the Earth group, and a comparison of the Earth planetary bodies are among the factors included

MECHANISMS OF DESTRUCTION AND SYNTHESIS OF LIQUID MEDIA, USED IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY UNDER NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS

The formation of food liquid medium structures containing at least 70 % of disperse particles with high dispersiveness has been considered. The possible formation mechanisms of food liquid medium structure when slow (hydrodynamic) and quick (acoustic) processes create favorable conditions for cavitation have been studied. The possibility to control these processes for initiation of mechanical and kinetic reactions that change the structure of the medium has been demonstrated. The invert syrup has been selected as the study object. The change in the invert syrup structure before and after such cavitation treatment has been recorded with the use of metallographic microscope Nikon Eclipse MA100. The decrease in disperse phase sizes from 2–3 µm to 0.1–0.4 µm along with establishing the high uniformity of component distribution as compared to the syrup without cavitation process treatment has been detected. The formation of food liquid medium structures containing at least 70 % of disperse particles with high dispersiveness has been considered. The possible formation mechanisms of food liquid medium structure when slow (hydrodynamic) and quick (acoustic) processes create favorable conditions for cavitation have been studied. The possibility to control these processes for initiation of mechanical and kinetic reactions that change the structure of the medium has been demonstrated. The invert syrup has been selected as the study object. The change in the invert syrup structure before and after such cavitation treatment has been recorded with the use of metallographic microscope Nikon Eclipse MA100. The decrease in disperse phase sizes from 2–3 µm to 0.1–0.4 µm along with establishing the high uniformity of component distribution as compared to the syrup without cavitation process treatment has been detected.

Non-destructive testing of multilayer medium by the method of velocity of elastic waves hodograph

The method of velocity of elastic waves hodograph, aimed at non-destructive testing of structurally heterogeneous composite materials and products based on them, as well as multilayer products and constructions, is considered. The theoretical basis for determining the propagation velocity of elastic waves in a multilayer medium by the hodograph method is given. Based on the studies, recommendations are given for determining the propagation velocity of elastic waves in each individual layer of a multilayer medium, which allows non-destructive testing of the physicomechanical characteristics of each layer of a multilayer medium. It is shown that in addition to simple multiple reflections in a homogeneous medium, in a multilayer medium with parallel interfaces consisting of two or more layers, complex types of multiple reflected waves and mixed waves (reflected-refracted and refracted-reflected) can arise. The main task of applying the low-frequency ultrasonic method is to determine the acoustic parameters of the propagation of elastic waves (velocities, amplitudes, spectra). The main methods for determining the elastic wave velocities are considered, based on the hodograph equation of the indicated reflected waves in a multilayer medium

Changes of the body functions during long-term hypokinesia

Prolonged hypokinesis (100-170 days) studied in 2000 rats kept in cages limiting their mobility provoked considerable changes in the gaseous and energetic metabolism: an elevation of the total gaseous metabolism and of the rate of O2 requirement by the muscles (in the late periods of hypokinesis) and a change in the intensity of tissue respiration of the liver and myocardium. There also proved to be a reduction in the level of phosphorylation and separation of oxidative phosphorylation in the myocardium, liver, and partially in the skeletal muscle. Prolonged hypokinesia led to changes in tissue metabolism: a disturbance of development of the animals, a marked delay and an increase in the weight of the organism and the muscular system, and disturbances of the mineral and protein metabolism. Prolonged hypokinesis also lead to exhaustion of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal cortex system

The Development of the Concept of an Entrepreneurial University in Russian Higher Educational Establishments: New Method of Evaluation

Стартовавшая летом 2021 года программа стратегического академического лидерства «Приоритет 2030», будучи логическим продолжением Проекта 5-100, значимо от него отличается. Если Проект 5-100 преимущественно был ориентирован на повышение глобальной конкурентоспособности российских вузов, то программа стратегического академического лидерства в первую очередь стимулирует вузы к активному включению в социально-экономическое развитие регионов Российской Федерации. Приоритеты новой программы созвучны концепции предпринимательского университета, разработанной Бертоном Кларком в книге «Создание предпринимательских университетов» (Москва, 2019. 240 с.), в которой акцентируется внимание на таких элементах вузовского развития, как усиленное управленческое ядро, расширенная периферия развития, диверсифицированная база финансирования, стимулируемые академические структуры и интегрированная предпринимательская культура. Все они имеют прямое отношение к функции вуза как драйвера регионального развития. За последние 15–20 лет мы настолько привыкли к концепции предпринимательского университета, что стали считать развитие наших вузов в этом направлении чем-то само собой разумеющимся. Но так ли это на самом деле? Действительно ли наши вузы развиваются в соответствии с этой концепцией? Насколько они готовы с этой точки зрения к решению задач программы «Приоритет 2030»? Для ответа на эти вопросы авторами статьи разработан новый инструментарий оценки развития высших учебных заведений в парадигме концепции предпринимательского университета. В представленной статье приведен подробный анализ того, насколько основные элементы данной концепции отражены в практике деятельности отечественных вузов. Результаты исследования показали, что во всех включенных в выборку ведущих вузах страны имеются признаки предпринимательского университета. Вместе с тем общая динамика движения в этом направлении невысока, что генерирует соответствующие риски для эффективной реализации в стране программы «Приоритет 2030». Разработанный авторами инструментарий может быть использован для дальнейшего анализа развития отечественных вузов согласно концепции предпринимательского университета.Launched in the summer of 2021 the «Priority 2030» Strategic Academic Leadership Program, despite being a logical extension of the Russian Academic Excellence Project, differs significantly from it in terms of its priorities. While the Russian Academic Excellence Project was primarily oriented on achieving the increase of the global competitiveness of Russian universities, the new Program primarily encourages universities to actively participate in the socio-economic development of the regions of the Russian Federation. The priorities of the new program happen to coincide a lot with the concept of an entrepreneurial university proposed by Burton R. Clark in his «Creating Entrepreneurial Universities». According to this concept, the attention is focused on such elements of university development as a strengthened material core, an expanded periphery of development, a diversified financial base, stimulated academic structures and integrated entrepreneurial culture. All of them are directly related to the function of the university as a driver of regional development. This concept has become so familiar to the general public in the recent decade that the notion of the development of universities according to it is seen as a matter of course. But are Russian universities indeed capable of following this concept in their development and are they in fact doing so? How prepared are they to actually achieve the goals set by the program «Priority 2030»? To answer these questions, the authors of the article have developed a new set of tools for accessing the development of higher educational establishments in the paradigm of the concept of entrepreneurial university. The article presents a detailed analysis of how the main elements of this concept are reflected in the practice of Russian universities. The results of the study showed that all leading universities have the characteristics of an entrepreneurial university. However, the development of the elements of an entrepreneurial university tends to be quite stretched out timewise, which creates corresponding risks affecting the effectiveness of the implementation of the «Priority 2030» project. The set of tools, suggested in the article, can be used for further analysis of the development of Russian higher educational establishments according to the concept of entrepreneurial university

Fast Pre-Trigger Electronics of T0/Centrality MCP-Based Start Detector for ALICE

This work describes an alternative to the current ALICE baseline solution for a TO detector, still under development. The proposed system consists of two MCP-based T0/Centrality Start Detectors (backward-forward isochronous disks) equipped with programmable, TTC synchronized front-end electronic cards (FEECs) which would be positioned along the LHC colliding beam line on both sides of the ALICE interaction region. The purpose of this arrangement, providing both precise timing and fast multiplicity selection, is to give a pre-trigger signal at the earliest possible time after a central event. This pre-trigger can be produced within 25 ns. It can be delivered within 100 ns directly to the Transition Radiation Detector and would be the earliest L0 input coming to the ALICE Central Trigger Processor. A noise-free passive multichannel summator of 2ns signals is used to provide a determination of the collision time with a potential accuracy better than 10 ps in the case of Pb-Pb collisions, the limit coming from the electronics. Results from in-beam tests confirm the functionality of the main elements. Further development plans are presented

Particle identification performance of a straw transition radiation tracker prototype

A 864 channel prototype of an integrated straw tracker and transition radiation detector for tracking and electron identification has been tested with and without magnetic field at the CERN SPS. The rejection against hadrons and converted photons has been measured and the dependence of the rejection power on detector parameters has been investigated. Tracking and hadron rejection were also studied in a high multiplicity environment. The results are compared with Monte-Carlo simulations. Wherever possible, conclusions are drawn concerning the performance of a full-scale detector at the future Large Hadron Collider

Основные факторы формирования молекулярной структуры мармелада

The pressing challenge of ensuring long shelf life for confectionery product without changing their flavor is considered. The patterns were revealed for the influence of the chemical composition of raw materials on the jelly marmalade structure. The influence of glucose syrup and gelling agent contents on the physicochemical and rheological properties of jelly marmalade was investigated. An increase in the mass fraction of glucose syrup from 5% to 25% leads to an increase in the elastic and plastic properties of jelly marmalade. The ratio of the main ingredients forms the molecular structure of jelly marmalade and thereby affects the dependence of moisture content on the water activity. The correlation between the water activity and the hardness of jelly marmalade has been established. The highest hardness and water activity were observed in products containing 15% glucose syrup, which determines the highest moisture transfer rate for such products. The use of modified starch allows controlling the moisture losses during marmalade storage. Formulation adjustment and moisture content decrease in the marmalade significantly reduce the risk of undesirable sensory changes on the surface of the marmalade during its storage. Various types of modified starch may control the shelf life of jelly fruit marmalade. An increase in reducing substances concentration during the storage of jelly-like confectionery products contributes to their moistening. On the other hand, a decrease in reducing substances concentration leads to granulation in products. It is shown how a change in the main ingredients ratio of jelly marmalade affects the formation of its molecular structure, which determines the free/bound moisture ratio. The obtained results allow controlling the quality and predicting the safety of jelly-like confectionery products.Рассмотрена актуальная проблема обеспечения длительных сроков хранения кондитерских изделий без изменения их вкусовых качеств. Выявлены закономерности влияния химического состава сырьевых компонентов на структуру желейного мармелада. Исследовано влияние содержания патоки и студнеобразователей на физико-химические и реологические свойства желейного мармелада. Увеличение массовой доли патоки от 5% до 25% приводит к увеличению упруго-пластичных свойств желейного мармелада. Соотношение основных рецептурных компонентов формирует молекулярную структуру желейного мармелада и тем самым оказывает влияние на зависимость массовой доли влаги от активности воды. Установлена корреляция активности воды и прочности желейного мармелада. Самая высокая прочность и активность воды наблюдалась у изделий, содержащих 15% патоки, что обуславливает наибольшую скорость влагопереноса для таких продуктов. Использование модифицированного крахмала дает возможность управления потерями влаги при хранении мармелада. Корректировка рецептуры и уменьшение массовой доли влаги в мармеладе значительно уменьшают риск возникновения нежелательных органолептических изменений поверхности мармелада при хранении. Применяя различные виды модифицированного крахмала, можно управлять сохранностью желейно-фруктового мармелада. Повышение массовой доли редуцирующих веществ в процессе хранения кондитерских изделий студнеобразной консистенции способствует их увлажнению. С другой стороны, уменьшение массовой доли редуцирующих веществ приводит к засахариванию изделий. Показано, как изменение соотношения основных компонентов желейного мармелада влияет на формирование его молекулярной структуры, которая обуславливает соотношение свободной и связанной влаги. Полученные результаты работы позволяют управлять качеством и прогнозировать сохранность кондитерских изделий студнеобразной консистенции