Studies of an artificially generated electrode effect at ground level

International audienceThe outdoor experiments, using a metallic grid above the ground surface, have yielded well-defined vertical profiles of the space-charge density. The profiles showed strong evidence for the existence of an electrode effect, which could be named the artificial electrode effect and can serve as a very useful and well-controlled model for the study of atmospheric electric processes in the atmospheric surface layer. The build-up or break-down of an electrode-effect layer occurred in a time of the order of 10 s under the experimental conditions realized. The artificially generated electrode effect is dependent on the electrical field strength supplied, wind speed, turbulent mixing and ion mobilities. Wind speed and ion mobility seem to be the dominant factors, defining space-charge density profiles. A theoretical model for the artificial electrode effect has been developed, taking into account turbulent mixing of charged particles in the air flow with the logarithmic profile of the wind velocity. The numerical analysis of the boundary value problem for the two-dimensional equations for the light ion concentrations has been performed. The model presented shows a qualitative agreement of calculated space-charge profiles with measured ones, and explains the dependence of the artificial electrode effect on the dominant control parameters. The limiting conditions for the developed theory are discussed

Характер и взаимосвязь изменений перекисного окисления липидов и иммунитета у больных острой пневмонией

The character and connection between changes of peroxide lipid oxidation and immune profile were studied in 325 patients with acute pneumonia in different courses of the disease. It was found that inflammatory process in pulmonary tissue was accompanied with expressed intensification of peroxide lipid oxidation processes, with the decrease of the antiperoxide protection level, and immunodeficiency state formation. The most expressed secondary immunodeficiency corresponded to the highest peroxide lipid oxidation level and the considerable decrease of antiperoxide protection. The author presumed that peroxide lipid oxidation processes and connected changes of peroxide protection lead to universal membrane pathology during the abundance of the primary factor and the lack of the latter are the most common mechanisms of the inflammation in the lung tissue. The authors suppose that the study of the peroxide lipid oxidation character in connection with changes of other organs and systems allows to outlying the essence of pathological process in the pulmonary tissue, to estimate mechanisms of reparation (the sanogenesis) of the morphological structure and the function of the lung, and to elaborate measures for correction of the revealed dysfunction.У 325 больных острой пневмонией изучены характер и взаимосвязь изменений перекисного окисления липидов (ПОЛ) и иммунитета при различном течении острой пневмонии. Обнаружено, что воспалительный процесс в легочной ткани сопровождается выраженной интенсификацией процессов ПОЛ, снижением уровня антиоксидантной защиты (АОЗ) и формированием иммунодефицитного состояния. Наиболее высокому уровню ПОЛ и значительному снижению мощности АОЗ соответствует и наиболее значительный вторичный иммунодефицит. Авторами высказано предположение, что наиболее общим механизмом развития воспаления в легочной ткани являются процессы ПОЛ и сопряженные с ними изменения АОЗ, вызывающие при избыточности первого и недостаточности второго формирование универсальной мембранной патологии. Авторы полагают, что изучение характера ПОЛ во взаимосвязи с изменениями других органов и систем позволит глубже проникнуть в суть патологического процесса в легочной ткани, оценить механизмы восстановления (саногенеза) морфологической структуры и функции легких, разработать мероприятия по коррекции выявленных нарушений

Распространенность носительства антител к Chlamydia Pneumoniae и Mycoplasma Pneumoniae среди больных бронхиальной астмой

The aim of this study was to search a level of antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) in patients with stable bronchial asthma (BA). Sixty five BA patients were examined. Anti-Ср antibodies were found using the indirect immunofluorescent reaction, anti-Mp antibodies were revealed using the indirect immune enzyme assay. The diagnostic titers of anti-Cp antibodies were detected in 23 patients and of anti-Mp antibodies in 25 of 65 patients (38%). It was important that 6 of them (9.2%) had the anti-Cp antibodies as well. Due to this fact all the patients were divided in 2 groups: serologi­cally positive and serologically negative. Differences were displayed in history and laboratory data, comorbidi­ty and treatment. The results provide the necessity of further investigations in this field.Целью этого этапа работы явилось изучение уровня антител к Chlamydia pneumoniae (Ср) и Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) у больных бронхиальной астмой (БА) в фазе клинической ремиссии. Обследовано 65 пациентов с БА. Для выявления антител к Ср применяли реакцию непрямой иммунофлуоресценции, к Мр — метод непрямого иммуноферментного анализа. В диагностическом титре антитела к Ср были обнаружены у 23 пациентов, а к Мр — у 25 (38%) пациентов из 65. Следует отметить, что у 6 из них (9,2%) также определялись антитела и к Ср. В связи с этим больные были разделены на 2 группы: серопозитивную и серонегативную. Были выявлены различия по некоторым анамнестическим и лабораторным данным, сопутствующей соматической патологии и примененному лечебному комплексу. Полученные данные предполагают актуальность продолжения исследований в данном направлении

Cause of Death and Predictors of All-Cause Mortality in Anticoagulated Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation : Data From ROCKET AF

M. Kaste on työryhmän ROCKET AF Steering Comm jäsen.Background-Atrial fibrillation is associated with higher mortality. Identification of causes of death and contemporary risk factors for all-cause mortality may guide interventions. Methods and Results-In the Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF) study, patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation were randomized to rivaroxaban or dose-adjusted warfarin. Cox proportional hazards regression with backward elimination identified factors at randomization that were independently associated with all-cause mortality in the 14 171 participants in the intention-to-treat population. The median age was 73 years, and the mean CHADS(2) score was 3.5. Over 1.9 years of median follow-up, 1214 (8.6%) patients died. Kaplan-Meier mortality rates were 4.2% at 1 year and 8.9% at 2 years. The majority of classified deaths (1081) were cardiovascular (72%), whereas only 6% were nonhemorrhagic stroke or systemic embolism. No significant difference in all-cause mortality was observed between the rivaroxaban and warfarin arms (P=0.15). Heart failure (hazard ratio 1.51, 95% CI 1.33-1.70, P= 75 years (hazard ratio 1.69, 95% CI 1.51-1.90, P Conclusions-In a large population of patients anticoagulated for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, approximate to 7 in 10 deaths were cardiovascular, whereasPeer reviewe

Studies of an artificially generated electrode effect at ground level

The outdoor experiments, using a metallic grid above the ground surface, have yielded well-defined vertical profiles of the space-charge density. The profiles showed strong evidence for the existence of an electrode effect, which could be named the artificial electrode effect and can serve as a very useful and well-controlled model for the study of atmospheric electric processes in the atmospheric surface layer. The build-up or break-down of an electrode-effect layer occurred in a time of the order of 10 s under the experimental conditions realized. The artificially generated electrode effect is dependent on the electrical field strength supplied, wind speed, turbulent mixing and ion mobilities. Wind speed and ion mobility seem to be the dominant factors, defining space-charge density profiles. A theoretical model for the artificial electrode effect has been developed, taking into account turbulent mixing of charged particles in the air flow with the logarithmic profile of the wind velocity. The numerical analysis of the boundary value problem for the two-dimensional equations for the light ion concentrations has been performed. The model presented shows a qualitative agreement of calculated space-charge profiles with measured ones, and explains the dependence of the artificial electrode effect on the dominant control parameters. The limiting conditions for the developed theory are discussed