61 research outputs found
Lyalya: Timber Industry Technologies and Innovations at the beginning of the XX century
In the Russian Empire, the course of modernization processes was closely connected with the penetration of new technologies. In particular, this concerned the timber industry, which has been actively developing since the second half of the XIX century. On the example of the joint-stock company of the Nicolae-Pavdinsky Mountain District (Northern Urals) β one of the largest timber companies of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century β it is shown how technology was borrowed. Materials from regional and central archives have been put into circulation: contracts, correspondence with machine-building firms, trading houses; letters and reports from engineers, management of the administration of the Nicolae-Pavdinsky Mountain District. It was revealed that the management board of the joint-stock company was interested in the implementation of integrated forest management, the development of deep processing of wood. A large project was a paper mill at the Lyalya station. The involvement of reputable experts in the field of pulp and paper production, production of charcoal contributed to the development of domestic innovations, the dissemination of knowledge about certain aspects of forestry activities. The stimulating role was played by the First World War, the loss by the Russian Empire of part of the western territories where pulp and paper enterprises were located. Extensive correspondence with machine-building plants, trading houses testifies to the desire of the board of the joint-stock company, engineers to establish long-term cooperation with enterprises to obtain the necessary equipment. This was especially evident when ordering paper machines and additional equipment for them. An important role was played by foreign business trips of specialists. It was not possible to implement all the projects due to the revolutionary events and the sharp deterioration of the economic and political situation in the country at the end of 1917. Copyright Β© 2023 by Cherkas Global University.Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, MinobrnaukaΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π£ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π. Π. ΠΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Β«ΠΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ-2030Β» The research funding from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Ural Federal University Program of Development within the Priority-2030 Program) is gratefully acknowledged
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ
Null values have become an urgent problem since the creation of the relational dataΒ model. The impact of the uncertainty aο¬ects all types of dependencies used in the design and operationΒ of the database. This fully applies to the inclusion dependencies, which are the theoretical basis forΒ referential integrity on the data. Attempts to solve this problem contain inaccuracy in the statementΒ of the problem and its solution. The errors in formulation of the problem can be associated with theΒ use in the deο¬nition of untyped inclusion dependencies, which leads to permutations of the attributes,Β although, the attributes in database technology are identiο¬ed by name and not by their place. In addition, linking with the use of the inclusion dependencies of heterogeneous attributes, even of the same type, is a sign of lost functional dependencies and leads to interaction of inclusion dependencies and non-trivial functional dependencies. Inaccuracies in the solution of the problem are contained in the statements of axioms and the proof of their properties, including completeness. In this paper we propose an original solution of this problem only for typed inclusion dependencies in the presence of Null values: a new axiom system is proposed, its completeness and soundness are proved. On the basis of inference rules we developed an algorithm for the construction of a not surplus set of typed inclusion dependencies. The correctness of the algorithm is proved.ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ,Β ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±Π°Π·Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. Π ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΈΒ ΠΊ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Β Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ,Β ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠ², Ρ
ΠΎΡΡ Π²Β ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡ
Π±Π°Π· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ,Β ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
, ΠΏΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
, Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΒ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΡΒ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ, Π° Π½Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡ
Β ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ², Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ. Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ:Β ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΌ, Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΒ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ°
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π±Π°Π·Π°Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
In this paper a generalisation of the inference rules of the join dependencies that are used in the design of database schemas that meets the requirements of the fifth normal form is considered. In the previous works devoted to this problem, attempts to construct systems of the axioms of such dependencies based on inference rules are made. However, while the justification for the consistency (soundness) of the obtained axioms does not cause difficulties, the proof of completeness in general has not been satisfactorily resolved. First of all, this is due to the limitations of the inference rules themselves. This work focuses on two original axiom systems presented in the works of Sciore and Malvestuto. For the inclusion dependencies a system of rules that generalises existing systems and has fewer restrictions has been obtained. The paper presents a proof of the derivability of known systems of axioms from the presented inference rules. In addition, evidence of the consistency (soundness) of these rules is provided. The question of the completeness of the formal system based on the presented rules did not find a positive solution. In conclusion, the theoretical and practical significance of the inference rules for the join dependencies is noted.Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π°Π·Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ. Π ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ
Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ) ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Sciore ΠΈ Malvestuto. ΠΠ»Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ) ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ». ΠΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°Ρ
, Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π’Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π±Π°Π·Π°Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
The process of testing dependencies and inference rules can be used in two ways. First, testing allows verification hypotheses about unknown inference rules. The main goal, in this case, is to search for the relation - a counterexample that illustrates the feasibility of the initial dependencies and contradicts the consequence. The found counterexample refutes the hypothesis, the absence of a counterexample allows searching for a generalization of the rule and conditions for its feasibility (logically imply). Testing cannot be used as a proof of the feasibility of inference rules, since the process of generalization requires the search for universal inference conditions for each rule, which cannot be programmed, since even the form of these conditions is unknown. Secondly, when designing a particular database, it may be necessary to test the feasibility of a rule for which there is no theoretical justification. Such a situation can take place in the presence of anomalies in the superkey. The solution to this problem is based on using join dependency inference rules. For these dependencies, a complete system of rules (axioms) has not yet been found. This paper discusses: 1) a technique for testing inference rules using the example of join dependencies, 2) a scheme of a testing algorithm is proposed, 3) some hypotheses are considered for which there are no counterexamples and inference rules, 4) an example of using testing when searching for a correct decomposition of a superkey is proposed.ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² Π΄Π²ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ - ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ, ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ (logically imply). Π’Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½. ΠΠΎ-Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΡ
, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅. Π Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» (Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΌ). Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ: 1) ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, 2) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, 3) ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, 4) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°
βFollowing a Simplified Schemeβ: Project Development and Launch of Production at the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill
ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ: 15.09.2021. ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ° ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ: 29.12.2022.Submitted: 15.09.2021. Accepted: 29.12.2022.Π Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ. Π ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. Π‘ΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ². Π ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ². Π‘ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π£ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΈ Π² Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
Π‘Π‘Π‘Π ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°. Π ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ 1930-Ρ
Π³Π³. Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π» ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘ΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π· ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ, ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π² Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠΠΠ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π . Π 1940 Π³. Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ. Π ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ 1941 Π³., Π·Π° ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Ρ. ΠΡΡΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π» Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ β ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π² Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
. Π ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ Ρ
Π²Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-Π±ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ. Π‘ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ², Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ.During the years of implementation of the first Soviet five-year plans, great attention was paid to the pulp and paper industry. In the forest industry structure, this component was characterised by a weak level of development. The bet was made on the creation of medium and large pulp and paper industries. In the Urals, where there were large reserves of forest resources and rivers, they built several plants. The largest centre of the pulp and paper industry in the Urals and in the eastern regions of the USSR was formed. The purpose of this article is to study the location, design, and launch of production of the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill. In the mid-1930s, it was decided to build an enterprise. The project involved innovative technological solutions for the pulp and paper industry. The launch of the plant was postponed several times, the project was altered, and the construction was entrusted from the Peopleβs Commissariat of Forest Industry of the USSR to the Peopleβs Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In 1940, the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill became an independent enterprise, but its construction continued. In March 1941, three months before the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the company began the production of pulp. The production was only possible within a simplified scheme due to the absence or malfunction of equipment. The performance of the enterprise was set in insignificant volumes. With the outbreak of war, partystate bodies and economic departments continued the construction of the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill and providing additional equipment. The companyβs development was boosted by the evacuation of several industries, the start of the sulphite waste liquor alcohol plant and the construction of a defense plant nearby. This allowed the plant to develop cooperative ties and master new types of products.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ Π Π€Π€Π Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° β 21-09-43024 Β«ΠΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π Π² Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ: Π·Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π» ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΒ».The research was funded by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 21-09-43024 βSpatial Distribution of the Industry of the USSR in the Years of the Pre-War Five-Year Plans: The Idea and the Resultβ
ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² Π±Π°Π·Π°Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
The paper discusses a new type of dependency in databases, which is a generalization of inclusion dependencies. Traditionally, such dependencies are used in practice to ensure referential integrity. In this case, the restriction is established only between a pair of relations, the first of which is called the main, the second is external. In practice, referential integrity often needs to be established for a larger number of relations, where several main and several external relations participate in the same constraint. Such a structure corresponds to an ultragraph. The paper provides a rationale for generalized inclusion dependencies that take into account the presence of null values in external relations. Based on the study of the properties of typed dependencies, a system of axioms is obtained, for which consistency (soundness) and completeness are proved.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π±Π°Π·Π°Ρ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌ, Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ β Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠΌ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ (Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ°
ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
The paper considers automation problems of the interface formation between a table and a relational database. The task description is formalized and the description of the existing approaches to formation of data representations on an example of widely widespread CASE-tools is submitted. The definition of intermediate data representation as a βjoin tableβ is offered, which is used for maintenance of correctness of data representation formation, and also is necessary for direct and inverse data transformations. On the basis of lossless join property and realized dependencies, the concept and a way of context formation of the application and restrictions is introduced. The considered material is further used for constructing an inverse data transformation from tabular presentation into a relational one. On the basis of relationships properties on a database scheme, the partial order on the relations is established, and the restriction of acyclic databases schemes is introduced. The received results are further used at the analysis of principles of formation of inverse data transformation, and the basic details of such a transformation algorithm are considered.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. Π€ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
CASE-ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π±Π°Π·Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π°Π· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Dynamics of Economic Indicators in the Forest Industrial Complex of the Urals During the Great Patriotic War
During the Great Patriotic War, the timber industry complex of the Urals played an important role in the economy of the region and the Soviet Union. Based on the statistical data introduced by the researcher A.A. Antufiev, analyzed the dynamics of the value of industrial fixed assets and gross output, including per worker, in the timber industry of the Urals. Conclusions are made about the increase in the value of assets, the decrease in the value of gross output, the lag of the actual labor productivity of workers from the indicators of the industry of the Urals and the Soviet Union.Π Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ Π£ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π» Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π°. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π.Π. ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ, Π² Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π£ΡΠ°Π»Π°. Π‘Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ± ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π£ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈ Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π‘ΠΎΡΠ·Π°
Quality control indicators of soil ridges at sowing cultivated crops
Β© 2016,International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. All rights reserved.The initial component of any cultivated crops technology is high-quality preparation of a field in order to create proper conditions for the subsequent seed placement,plant root systemβs growth and development stimulation. At the same time,any mechanical treatment should not disrupt the optimal soil structure; it should preserve the soil fertility,protect against erosion processes and maintain moisture to the greatest possible extent. Traditional technologies of growing cultivated crops on a flat field surface have been and remain the most widespread. However,the studies have found that the most promising is the ridge technology. A ridger seeder is developed for implementation of the ridge technology; the ridger seederβs application allows to cost effectively perform presowing cultivation in just one pass,after sowing the seeds to form a soil mound over a stitch of sown seeds,to compact such soil mound on three sides and finally form a soil ridge of a required dimension and density. The toolβs flat disk and concave disks of the ridger seederβs ridge forming roller have substantiated approach angles. It has been revealed that structural and operating parameters of the tools with flat discs and the ridge forming roller,as well as physical and mechanical properties of the soil affect the process of forming the soil ridges of required dimension and density at seeding any cultivated crops
Intramontane lacustrine basins in the Siberian Altai: recorders of Cenozoic intracontinental tectonic and climatic events
The Altai Mountains are part of the vast intracontinental Central Asian orogenic system that formed during the Cenozoic as a distal effect of continued indentation of the Indian plate into the Eurasian continent. In the Siberian part of the Altai Mountains there is ample evidence to suggest that the pre-Cenozoic structural fabric of its basement is a controlling factor in the Cenozoic deformation and development of this intracontinental orogen. We give evidence that important Paleozoic fault zones were reactivated during the Cenozoic, particularly the Late Cenozoic and play a key role in the formation, evolution and current morphology of the Siberian Altai Mountains. Some of these faults are still active and recent and historic movements along them have triggered large seismic events. Late Cenozoic reactivation was expressed as pure thrust, oblique thrust to pure strike-slip faulting, resulting in an overall transpressive tectonic regime. In some cases, as for the graben basin of Lake Teletskoye, local, pure extensional stresses are responsible for its formation as we show in this contribution. Various other intramontane, tectonic basins developed. Some of these are very recent structures (the Teletskoye Basin) and are Pleistocene in age or younger, others have a prolonged history and contain a relatively complete Cenozoic sedimentary section, with evidence of Late Mesozoic precursor basins (Chuya Basin, Dzhulukul Basin). Some of these exhibit indications of marine incursions, but the basins are predominantly continental. The development of these basins is clearly associated with the location and Cenozoic reactivation of aforementioned long-lived fault zones in the Altai tectonic assemblage. Many of these basins accommodated fresh water lakes during their evolution and some are still the site of contemporary mountain lakes. Their stratigraphy, as well as the sedimentary architecture and basin morphology is manifestly influenced by and progresses with the stages of (Late) Cenozoic intracontinental mountain building and erosive denudation of the growing mountain ranges. Together with the clastic sedimentary input and the provenance characteristics, the intramontane Altai basin deposits are affected by evolving climatic conditions. These conditions dictate the main mode of erosion and transport, influence the sedimentary facies and supply rate and create the framework for a specific biocoenosis signature found in the fossil record. Our contribution reviews the data obtained over the last years from a selection of intramontane lacustrine basins in the Siberian Altai Mountains. We direct our attention in particular to the Teletskoye basin, the Chuya-Kurai Basin and the Dzhulukul Basin. We combine sedimentologic-stratigraphic data with basin architecture and morphology, and with basement geochronologic-thermochronologic constraints (apatite fission-track, U/Pb and Ar-dating) in order to show the potential of these basins as recorders of Cenozoic tectonic and climatic events in relation with basement features. While for example the data obtained from the Chuya Basin yields a continuous Cenozoic picture of deformation and climatic evolution of the Altai area, data from the Teletskoye Basin zooms in with higher resolution on the Pleistocene to Recent history. In general, all data point towards intensifying tectonic reactivation and mountain building of the Siberian Altai Mountains since the Middle Cenozoic, with clear peak activity in the Pliocene to Recent. This is demonstrated by the molassetype deposits in these basins, and by thermochronologic constraints. This activity is ongoing and structural, (paleo)seismic, geomorphologic and sedimentologic data corroborates this. The lacustrine Altai basins provide a record for a more or less continuous progressive cooling and aridification of the Altai area during the Cenozoic as manifested in the pollen fossil assemblages found in the Altai sediments
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