Multi-kink collisions in the ϕ6\phi^6 model

We study simultaneous collisions of two, three, and four kinks and antikinks of the $\phi^6$ model at the same spatial point. Unlike the $\phi^4$ kinks, the $\phi^6$ kinks are asymmetric and this enriches the variety of the collision scenarios. In our numerical simulations we observe both reflection and bound state formation depending on the number of kinks and on their spatial ordering in the initial configuration. We also analyze the extreme values of the energy densities and the field gradient observed during the collisions. Our results suggest that very high energy densities can be produced in multi-kink collisions in a controllable manner. Appearance of high energy density spots in multi-kink collisions can be important in various physical applications of the Klein-Gordon model.Comment: 21 pages, 8 figures; v2: minor changes to match version published in JHE

Discrete breathers assist energy transfer to ac driven nonlinear chains

One-dimensional chain of pointwise particles harmonically coupled with nearest neighbors and placed in six-order polynomial on-site potentials is considered. Power of the energy source in the form of single ac driven particles is calculated numerically for different amplitudes $A$ and frequencies $\omega$ within the linear phonon band. The results for the on-site potentials with hard and soft nonlinearity types are compared. For the hard-type nonlinearity, it is shown that when the driving frequency is close to (far from) the {\em upper} edge of the phonon band, the power of the energy source normalized to $A^2$ increases (decreases) with increasing $A$. In contrast, for the soft-type nonlinearity, the normalized power of the energy source increases (decreases) with increasing $A$ when the driving frequency is close to (far from) the {\em lower} edge of the phonon band. Our further demonstrations indicate that, in the case of hard (soft) anharmonicity, the chain can support movable discrete breathers (DBs) with frequencies above (below) the phonon band. It is the energy source quasi-periodically emitting moving DBs in the regime with driving frequency close to the DBs frequency, that induces the increase of the power. Therefore, our results here support the mechanism that the moving DBs can assist energy transfer from the ac driven particle to the chain.Comment: 11 pages, 13 figure

The invention of fiberoptic videoguide intubation

Introduction: Airway management is one of the most important medical priorities. Despite its benefits, intubation can be sometimes associated with many complications and hardships. Hard intubation can have dangerous consequences, including hypoxia, increased intracranial pressure, cardiac collapse-vascular, traumatic anatomical areas and inflammation. The purpose of this device building is to reduce such complications.Material and Method: This tool can be used to examine film and photographs of pharyngeal organs, epiglottis, vocal cords and proximal esophagus episodes and the upper esophagus, trachea and bronchi.Discussion: Conventional laryngoscopes and video laryngoscopes are the instruments used in intubation, each of which has its own functional limitations. Of these limitations, it is difficult to intubate that due to the lack of proper view of the anatomical routes, the processor may fail. Fiberopathic videography is a tool that can be used in the chest tube intubation, especially in difficult conditions, operating rooms, and other pre-hospital settings.Results: Fiberopathic videography, a simple and very inexpensive tool that can visualize anatomical paths, shape simplicity directly facilitates the process of commuting and reduces potential complications.Keywords: Fiberoptic, Videoguide, Intubation, Thrace

High Energy Density in Multisoliton Collisions

Solitons are very effective in transporting energy over great distances and collisions between them can produce high energy density spots of relevance to phase transformations, energy localization and defect formation among others. It is then important to study how energy density accumulation scales in multisoliton collisions. In this study, we demonstrate that the maximal energy density that can be achieved in collision of N slowly moving kinks and antikinks in the integrable sine-Gordon field, remarkably, is proportional to N2, while the total energy of the system is proportional to N. This maximal energy density can be achieved only if the difference between the number of colliding kinks and antikinks is minimal, i.e., is equal to 0 for even N and 1 for odd N and if the pattern involves an alternating array of kinks and antikinks. Interestingly, for odd (even) N the maximal energy density appears in the form of potential (kinetic) energy, while kinetic (potential) energy is equal to zero. The results of the present study rely on the analysis of the exact multisoliton solutions for N ¼ 1; 2, and 3 and on the numerical simulation results for N ¼ 4; 5; 6, and 7. The effect of weak Hamiltonian and non-Hamiltonian perturbations on the maximal energy density in multikink collisions is also discussed as well as that of the collision relative phase. Based on these results one can speculate that the soliton collisions in the sine-Gordon field can, in principle, controllably produce very high energy density. This can have important consequences for many physical phenomena described by the Klein-Gordon equation

Interaction of Sine-Gordon Kinks and Breathers With a Parity-Time-Symmetric Defect

The scattering of kinks and low-frequency breathers of the nonlinear sine-Gordon (SG) equation on a spatially localized parity-time-symmetric perturbation (defect) with a balanced gain and loss is investigated numerically. It is demonstrated that if a kink passes the defect, it always restores its initial momentum and energy, and the only effect of the interaction with the defect is a phase shift of the kink. A kink approaching the defect from the gain side always passes, while in the opposite case it must have sufficiently large initial momentum to pass through the defect instead of being trapped in the loss region. The kink phase shift and critical velocity are calculated by means of the collective variable method. Kink-kink (kink-antikink) collisions at the defect are also briefly considered, showing how their pairwise repulsive (respectively, attractive) interaction can modify the collisional outcome of a single kink within the pair with the defect. For the breather, the result of its interaction with the defect depends strongly on the breather parameters (velocity, frequency, and initial phase) and on the defect parameters. The breather can gain some energy from the defect and as a result potentially even split into a kink-antikink pair, or it can lose a part of its energy. Interestingly, the breather translational mode is very weakly affected by the dissipative perturbation, so that a breather penetrates more easily through the defect when it comes from the lossy side, than a kink. In all studied soliton-defect interactions, the energy loss to radiation of small-amplitude extended waves is negligible

MicroRNA expression in pre-treatment plasma of patients with benign breast diseases and breast cancer

__Background:__ MicroRNAs (miRs) are small RNA molecules, influencing messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and t