6,191 research outputs found
Dissecting Non-Use of Online News – Systematic Evidence from Combining Tracking and Automated Text Classification
A high proportion of non-users of news is considered a concern for a functioning democracy. However, existing empirical assessments on the share of news avoiders rely exclusively on survey data and the results vary drastically between studies, making it difficult to evaluate the severity of the issue. This study relies on tracking data of Swiss Internet users and applies and discusses two computational methods, identifying news at the domain and article level, to realistically assess the extent of non-users of online news. Results indicate that at least 14.2% of Internet users do not use news online. Furthermore, this study suggests that identifying news use solely based on tracking data at the domain level is distorted by a faux news effect, i.e., non-news use on news domains, and an invisible news effect, i.e., news use on small and unknown news domains. The parallel use of tracking data and supervised text classification allows to dissect and discuss these effects systematically. Similarly, it is found that not accounting for news use via apps overestimates the extent of non-use of online news. The findings provide valuable insights for future applications of these methods in similar contexts
Testing the Reliability of ChatGPT for Text Annotation and Classification: A Cautionary Remark
Recent studies have demonstrated promising potential of ChatGPT for various
text annotation and classification tasks. However, ChatGPT is non-deterministic
which means that, as with human coders, identical input can lead to different
outputs. Given this, it seems appropriate to test the reliability of ChatGPT.
Therefore, this study investigates the consistency of ChatGPT's zero-shot
capabilities for text annotation and classification, focusing on different
model parameters, prompt variations, and repetitions of identical inputs. Based
on the real-world classification task of differentiating website texts into
news and not news, results show that consistency in ChatGPT's classification
output can fall short of scientific thresholds for reliability. For example,
even minor wording alterations in prompts or repeating the identical input can
lead to varying outputs. Although pooling outputs from multiple repetitions can
improve reliability, this study advises caution when using ChatGPT for
zero-shot text annotation and underscores the need for thorough validation,
such as comparison against human-annotated data. The unsupervised application
of ChatGPT for text annotation and classification is not recommended.Comment: First uploaded on Dropbox on 5th of April. See
https://twitter.com/mv_reiss/status/1643916531720486913, content was not
changed except for formattin
Anomalous Hall effect in the Co-based Heusler compounds CoFeSi and CoFeAl
The anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in the Heusler compounds CoFeSi and
CoFeAl is studied in dependence of the annealing temperature to achieve a
general comprehension of its origin. We have demonstrated that the crystal
quality affected by annealing processes is a significant control parameter to
tune the electrical resistivity as well as the anomalous Hall
resistivity . Analyzing the scaling behavior of in
terms of points to a temperature-dependent skew scattering as the
dominant mechanism in both Heusler compounds
Scanning the critical fluctuations -- application to the phenomenology of the two-dimensional XY-model --
We show how applying field conjugated to the order parameter, may act as a
very precise probe to explore the probability distribution function of the
order parameter. Using this `magnetic-field scanning' on large-scale numerical
simulations of the critical 2D XY-model, we are able to discard the conjectured
double-exponential form of the large-magnetization asymptote.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Relativistic photoelectron spectra in the ionization of atoms by elliptically polarized light
Relativistic tunnel ionization of atoms by intense, elliptically polarized
light is considered. The relativistic version of the Landau-Dykhne formula is
employed. The general analytical expression is obtained for the relativistic
photoelectron spectra. The most probable angle of electron emission, the
angular distribution near this angle, the position of the maximum and the width
of the energy spectrum are calculated. In the weak field limit we obtain the
familiar non-relativistic results. For the case of circular polarization our
analytical results are in agreement with recent derivations of Krainov [V.P.
Krainov, J. Phys. B, {\bf 32}, 1607 (1999)].Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, accepted for publication in Journal of Physics
Relativistic semiclassical approach in strong-field nonlinear photoionization
Nonlinear relativistic ionization phenomena induced by a strong laser
radiation with elliptically polarization are considered. The starting point is
the classical relativistic action for a free electron moving in the
electromagnetic field created by a strong laser beam. The application of the
relativistic action to the classical barrier-suppression ionization is briefly
discussed. Further the relativistic version of the Landau-Dykhne formula is
employed to consider the semiclassical sub-barrier ionization. Simple
analytical expressions have been found for: (i) the rates of the strong-field
nonlinear ionization including relativistic initial and final state effects;
(ii) the most probable value of the components of the photoelectron final state
momentum; (iii) the most probable direction of photoelectron emission and (iv)
the distribution of the photoelectron momentum near its maximum value.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, to be published in Phys. Rev.
Perceiving education from Facebook profile pictures
Our upbringing and education influence not only how we present and distinguish ourselves in the social world but also how we perceive others. We apply this central sociological idea to the social media context. We conduct a large-scale online study to investigate whether observers can correctly guess the education of others from their Facebook profile pictures. Using the binomial test and cross-classified mixed-effects models, we show that observers can assess the education of depicted persons better than chance, especially when they share the same educational background and have experience with the social media. We also find that posting pictures of outdoor activities is a strong signal of having higher education, while professional photographs can obscure education signals. The findings expand our knowledge of social interaction and self-expression online and offer new insights for understanding social influence on social media
Longitudinal spin Seebeck coefficient: heat flux vs. temperature difference method
The determination of the longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE) coefficient
is currently plagued by a large uncertainty due to the poor reproducibility of
the experimental conditions used in its measurement. In this work we present a
detailed analysis of two different methods used for the determination of the
LSSE coefficient. We have performed LSSE experiments in different laboratories,
by using different setups and employing both the temperature difference method
and the heat flux method. We found that the lack of reproducibility can be
mainly attributed to the thermal contact resistance between the sample and the
thermal baths which generate the temperature gradient. Due to the variation of
the thermal resistance, we found that the scaling of the LSSE voltage to the
heat flux through the sample rather than to the temperature difference across
the sample greatly reduces the uncertainty. The characteristics of a single
YIG/Pt LSSE device obtained with two different setups was Vm/W and Vm/W with the heat flux method
and V/K and V/K
with the temperature difference method. This shows that systematic errors can
be considerably reduced with the heat flux method.Comment: PDFLaTeX, 10 pages, 6 figure
Beta decay and other processes in strong electromagnetic fields
We consider effects of the fields of strong electromagnetic waves on various
characteristics of quantum processes. After a qualitative discussion of the
effects of external fields on the energy spectra and angular distributions of
the final-state particles as well as on the total probabilities of the
processes (such as decay rates and total cross sections), we present a simple
method of calculating the total probabilities of processes with production of
non-relativistic charged particles. Using nuclear beta-decay as an example, we
study the weak and strong field limits, as well as the field-induced beta-decay
of nuclei stable in the absence of the external fields, both in the tunneling
and multi-photon regimes. We also consider the possibility of accelerating
forbidden nuclear beta-decays by lifting the forbiddeness due to the
interaction of the parent or daughter nuclei with the field of a strong
electromagnetic wave. It is shown that for currently attainable electromagnetic
fields all effects on total beta-decay rates are unobservably small.Comment: LaTeX, 30 pages, 2 figures. Invited contribution to the special issue
of Yadernaya Fizika dedicated to the centennial anniversary of birthday of
A.B. Migdal. V2: references adde
Commercial fishing vessel as research vessels in the Antarctic – requirements and solutions exemplified with a new vessel
The climate-induced changes presently seen in the ecosystems of the Antarctic region require a precautionary approach with respect to the human use of these ecosystems. In particular, resource harvesting requires enough basic knowledge, as well as adequate monitoring, to avoid unintended impacts on the harvested stocks and the associated ecosystem. Due to the vastness and remoteness of the Antarctic region, research vessel capacity is not readily available for conventional coverage of harvested stocks and their ecosystems. This paper describes the potential of using commercial fishing vessels to bridge the gap in research vessel capacity. The various tasks and required instrumentation are presented and discussed. To illustrate this concept a description of a Norwegian krill fishing vessel now under construction is presented. This type of combined fishing and research vessel could make a large amount of important data available for both management, through CCAMLR, and the broader scientific community and thus improve the basis for resource evaluation and management
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