LEGAL PERSPECTIVES AND OBSTACLES FOR UNIFIED DIGITAL CONTRACT RULES OF ONLINE SALES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION WITHIN THE DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET STRATEGY CONTEXT

The purpose of the article is to consider the unifi ed digital contract rules of online sales in the European Union within the context of Digital Single Market Strategy in order to defi ne their legal perspectives, obstacles and activities to overcome them. Recently, the idea of legal regimes’ globalization within the framework of existing economic, political and integration unions has gained great favor. The most significant and successful among them are: the European Union, Big Twenty (the G20), BRICS, the Euro-Asian Economic Community (EurAsEC). In the framework of these unions the initiative to create common legal and economic conditions for the movement of goods and services, via the Internet as well, in order to achieve economic and legal advantages has been enthusiastically taken at work. However, despite evident benefi ts and legal perspectives of these processes, there are a number of obstacles relating to Digital contract rules of online sales within the Single Digital Market Strategy context so that have become the subject of this article study. Having analyzed the legislations and the scientists’ opinion on this issue, the authors have identified and considered some of the obstacles and offered a number of activities for their elimination

THE OUTLOOK ON THE E-COMMERCE IN RUSSIA IN TERMS OF DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS

The aim of the research is to emphasize the importance of online E-commerce on a worldwide scale in the context of the benefi ts it provides to the national governments. Special attention is paid to the key E-market trends in Russia and European Community with a brief overview of the statistics and analysis data, which proves the necessity for its future development. However, the potential development of e-market in Russia has certain restrictions, connected with the current economic downtown, lack of legal provision and general consumer’s distrust to online transactions. Authors dwell upon the possible ways of overcoming these urgent obstacles according to the European policy of bringing down barriers to unlock online opportunities, which is called the Digital Single Market (DSM). To do that, the paper explores the benefi ts of the DSM Strategy’s introduction in Europe and the reasons whether it could be implemented into the Russia’s frontiers or not. Finally, authors reckon that despite the fact that the several legislative improvements relating to electronic market has been introduced in recent years, there are several efficient suggestions to our government to scrutinize in order to achieve high rates of online sales, bring the economy up and enforce cross-border cooperation

Fat-tailed models for risk estimation

In the post-crisis era, financial institutions seem to be more aware of the risks posed by extreme events. Even though there are attempts to adapt methodologies drawing from the vast academic literature on the topic, there is also skepticism that fat-tailed models are needed. In this paper, we address the common criticism and discuss three popular methods for extreme risk modeling based on full distribution modeling and and extreme value theory. --

LEGAL PERSPECTIVES AND OBSTACLES FOR UNIFIED DIGITAL CONTRACT RULES OF ONLINE SALES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION WITHIN THE DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET STRATEGY CONTEXT

The purpose of the article is to consider the unifi ed digital contract rules of online sales in the European Union within the context of Digital Single Market Strategy in order to defi ne their legal perspectives, obstacles and activities to overcome them. Recently, the idea of legal regimes’ globalization within the framework of existing economic, political and integration unions has gained great favor. The most significant and successful among them are: the European Union, Big Twenty (the G20), BRICS, the Euro-Asian Economic Community (EurAsEC). In the framework of these unions the initiative to create common legal and economic conditions for the movement of goods and services, via the Internet as well, in order to achieve economic and legal advantages has been enthusiastically taken at work. However, despite evident benefi ts and legal perspectives of these processes, there are a number of obstacles relating to Digital contract rules of online sales within the Single Digital Market Strategy context so that have become the subject of this article study. Having analyzed the legislations and the scientists’ opinion on this issue, the authors have identified and considered some of the obstacles and offered a number of activities for their elimination

THE OUTLOOK ON THE E-COMMERCE IN RUSSIA IN TERMS OF DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT IN EUROPE: ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS

The aim of the research is to emphasize the importance of online E-commerce on a worldwide scale in the context of the benefi ts it provides to the national governments. Special attention is paid to the key E-market trends in Russia and European Community with a brief overview of the statistics and analysis data, which proves the necessity for its future development. However, the potential development of e-market in Russia has certain restrictions, connected with the current economic downtown, lack of legal provision and general consumer’s distrust to online transactions. Authors dwell upon the possible ways of overcoming these urgent obstacles according to the European policy of bringing down barriers to unlock online opportunities, which is called the Digital Single Market (DSM). To do that, the paper explores the benefi ts of the DSM Strategy’s introduction in Europe and the reasons whether it could be implemented into the Russia’s frontiers or not. Finally, authors reckon that despite the fact that the several legislative improvements relating to electronic market has been introduced in recent years, there are several efficient suggestions to our government to scrutinize in order to achieve high rates of online sales, bring the economy up and enforce cross-border cooperation

Extraction of Gallium(III) with a New Azo Dye in The Presence or Absence of Xylometazoline Hydrochloride

Complex formation between Ga(III) and 6-hexyl-4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol (HTAR, H2L) was studied in a water-chloroform medium, in the presence or absence of xylometazoline hydrochloride (XMH). Optimum conditions for the extraction of Ga(III) were found. In the presence of XMH, the extracted ion-associate has the formula (XMH+)[GaIIIL2], where HTAR is in its deprotonated form L2–. Some key extraction-spectrophotometric characteristics were determined: absorption maximum (521 nm), apparent molar absorptivity (5.8 × 104 dm3 mol–1 cm–1), limit of detection (18 ng cm–3), limit of quantitation (60 ng cm–3), extraction constant (LogK = 4.44), distribution ratio (LogD = 2.2) and fraction extracted (99.3 %). In the absence of XMH, the extracted chelate contains one deprotonated and one monoprotonated HTAR: [GaIII(HL–)(L2–)]. It has an absorption maximum at 523 nm and a shoulder at 580–590 nm. The pKa of HTAR (H2L ⇄ H+ + HL– equilibrium) was calculated (5.4) and the effect of foreign ions was studied. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

UNION COUNTRIES AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article is aimed at the consideration of the problems occurring in the field of economic and legal integration of fundamental principles concerning the innovations, the innovation process and the types of innovations. The priority of economy innovation development and the suffi cient legal regulation of this process in the global community is determinated in the article. The basic notions of Innovation law such as: “innovation”, “innovative activity”, “innovation process” are carefully examined and analyzed in detail. The authors have classified the innovation types on various grounds. They came to the conclusion, that there is the necessity to establish a common understanding of the above mentioned notions, to develop the integrated mechanisms to stimulate innovative activity of all innovation process participants. The dominating method of research is a comparative analysis of the basic notions, economic prerequisites and Innovation law

STRENGTHENING THE COMPENSATORY BASICS FOR VIOLATED SUBJECTIVE CIVIL RIGHTS PROTECTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION MEMBER STATES AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article tackles a problem of disputable issues coming alongside the implementation of public interests for the protection of violated private property rights in the European Union member states and the Russian Federation in regard of the possibility to collect additional (compensatory) or punitive amounts above the prescribed. The article provides an overview of various approaches to defi ne the notion “the right to judicial protection” and the “protection method” in European and Russian legal doctrines. The authors highlight controversial issues of imposing additional (compensatory) payments in Great Britain and Germany as a vivid example of various legal systems in action. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the global task - to develop a mechanism of additional compensation for violated rights in the legislation of the EU, EU member states and the Russian Federation with the focus on proprietary rights

UNION COUNTRIES AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The article is aimed at the consideration of the problems occurring in the field of economic and legal integration of fundamental principles concerning the innovations, the innovation process and the types of innovations. The priority of economy innovation development and the suffi cient legal regulation of this process in the global community is determinated in the article. The basic notions of Innovation law such as: “innovation”, “innovative activity”, “innovation process” are carefully examined and analyzed in detail. The authors have classified the innovation types on various grounds. They came to the conclusion, that there is the necessity to establish a common understanding of the above mentioned notions, to develop the integrated mechanisms to stimulate innovative activity of all innovation process participants. The dominating method of research is a comparative analysis of the basic notions, economic prerequisites and Innovation law