Génese e evolução dos modelos de estrutura verde urbana na estratégia de desenvolvimento das cidades

A Estrutura Verde Urbana constitui um sistema de promoção dos elementos naturais nas paisagens urbanas, visando a sustentabilidade e qualidade de vida. Considerada uma estratégia fundamental de planeamento urbano, é implementada há já bastante tempo, tendo acompanhado o desenvolvimento das cidades, em resposta aos constantes desafios trazidos pela evolução das sociedades e culturas. Por todo o mundo, e ao longo da história, surgem diversos modelos de Estrutura Verde Urbana que, embora com distintas designações, conformações e objetivos, dependendo de cada paisagem urbana, tiveram em comum uma génese e, embora indiretamente, funcionalidades convergentes. Apresentam-se, aqui, os modelos mais relevantes de Estrutura Verde Urbana, surgidos em paralelo com a evolução das cidades, ajudando a compreender a história da relação do homem com o natural, mas também servindo de inspiração para novas estratégias de articulação dos elementos naturais com as necessidades humanas, face aos novos e constantes desafios de sustentabilidade emergentes.The Urban Green Structure is a system of promotion of the natural elements in urban landscapes, aiming sustainability and quality of life. Considered as a key strategy for urban planning, it has been implemented for a long time, following the cities development, in response to the challenges posed by the societies and cultures evolution. Throughout the world and over the course of history, several models of Urban Green Structure arise, with different names, conformations and objectives, depending on each urban landscape, but having in common a genesis and, although indirectly, convergent functionalities. The most relevant models of Green Urban Structure are presented here. They emerged in parallel with the evolution of cities, helping to understand the history of man’s relationship with nature, but also inspiring new strategies for articulation of natural elements with human needs, in response to the new and ongoing challenges of sustainability that arise

Feasible Task Schedules With Minimum Project Cost Solved By A Genetic Algorithm

Suppose that a project consists of n separate tasks and one and only one task can be completed in one time period. However, since some tasks can be started only before others have been completed, only feasible task schedules are considered. There is a cost associated with the time at which a task is completed and the project cost is equal to the sum of all the task costs. How can a feasible task schedule with minimum project cost be found for completing the entire project? This research proposes using a genetic algorithm to solve this problem efficiently

Integrating ecology and society in the Urban Green Structure planning: evaluation of UGS patches quality in the city of Porto, Portugal

Cities are complex entities, with their own rules and dynamics of growth, behaviour and evolution, which result from interactions between biophysical and socioeconomic forces (Alberti et al., 2003). They have their own structure and functions. While the urban structure comprises its elements, its functions are based in the variety of services that cities provide (Pickett and Cadenasso, 2008). Its physical structure is composed by four main elements: buildings, build infrastructures, technical infrastructures and green infrastructures (Sandström et al., 2007), being complemented by the society component. These elements form a complex mosaic of patches, in a matrix of infrastructures, organizations and social institutions (Alberti et al., 2003). The Urban Green Structure (UGS) is a component of the urban system. Like other systems, it has a function and a structure, which result from interactions between its elements and with their surroundings (Flores et al., 1998). According to the Portuguese Law-Decree 380/99 (which establishes the legal basis of the spatial planning instruments), the UGS consist of areas, values and networks which are fundamental for the urban system equilibrium. The UGS contributes to an healthy environment for residents and users of the city (McPherson, 1992), as well as an entire set of ecological, economic and social benefits which allow the liveability, quality of life and sustainability of urban areas. It is an opportunity of spatial planning based in ecological, constructed, cultural and mobility elements, aiming to obtain a sustainable urban landscape. Despite its crucial value, these areas have received little interest in the spatial planning policy-making, due to the lack of understanding of its importance, potential and fragility, particularly in the urban systems. In Portugal, this planning element has been considered mandatory since 1999. However, it was only applied to a restrict group of municipalities (Quintas and Curado, 2009), which proves the need of a strategy to promote the UGS in the planning process. In order to understand the functional dynamics of landscape, the ecological and social processes should be considered, being essential in the holistic comprehension of the territory and its planning (Turner et al., 2001; McHarg, 1969). The ecologysociety relation is important for the analysis of the UGS, and “(…) since ecological networks consist of both ecological and human components, the interaction between nature and culture is a priority to consider in both nature conservation and sustainable development” (Jongman and Pungetti, 2004:5). The Urban Green Structure is a system, composed by elements and fulfilling a vast diversity of functions. It can be analyzed as a landscape structure, using landscape metrics concepts, such as patch, matrix, edge and corridor (Forman and Gordon, 1981), which allow an evaluation not only of its ecological character, but also of its social value. “Assessment of ecological network viability can be undertaken by analyzing the inherent characteristics of the landscape elements, the interrelationships between landscape elements and external factors affecting the functioning of the ecological network” (Cook, 2002:270). The UGS is organized in patches (with a core and an edge) and corridors. The patch characteristics are responsible for the correct performance of its functions. Thus, the patches should have qualities and have easy access, allowing natural processes and social activities to occur. The attractiveness of one patch is dependent on their access and their qualities (Figure 1). In a patch core, indicators such as size, heterogeneity, diversity, typologies and dynamics of elements can be evaluated, both in social and ecological level. These factors, that determinate the quality of the patch, influence the movement to that patch and also the willing to stay. The edge effects take into account the relationship between patches and their surroundings, which influence the local character. They should allow a good ecological connectivity, and also attractiveness and access to people. “The availability of accessible and attractive green spaces is an integral part of urban quality of life” (Van Herzele and Wiedemann, 2003:109). The corridors (and stepping stones) allow the continuity and the different connections in landscape, with the flux of matter, energy and organisms, but also regarding the transport systems and movement of people. The analysis and evaluation of these components of the UGS will increase the knowledge of its importance in the urban system, the assessment of its state and provide basis for strategies of landscape planning and management in urban areas

Sobre los teoremas de rotura, sus corolarios y su aplicación al cálculo de arcos de fábrica

In this work limit analysis theorems are exposed in order to study their appliance to the analysis of masonry arches. All this allows studying the role of lines of thrust and curves of pressure on the safety of arches.En este trabajo se enuncian los teoremas de rotura y sus corolarios para aplicarlos al cálculo en rotura de arcos. Después de analizar la teoría de arcos, se estudia el significado de la línea de presiones y de la línea de empujes desde el punto de vista del cálculo a rotura

Casa Pinto de Sousa em Ofir: a relação entre a arquitetura e a paisagem

A Casa Pinto de Sousa, construída em 1984, em Ofir (conce lho de Esposende), constitui uma das obras de maior relevo do arquiteto Alcino Soutinho. Detentora de uma arquitetura funcional, especificamente dirigida ao cliente e inspirada no território, é notória uma forte ligação com a paisagem en volvente, marcada pelo caráter natural. Situando-se num pinhal costeiro, na restinga que separa o oceano do estuário do Rio Cávado, esta zona carateriza-se pela sua relevância ecológica, fragilidade ambiental, mas também pelo am biente de tranquilidade e contacto com a natureza. Neste artigo, pretende-se estudar a relação entre o natural e o construído, analisando a forma como o edifício se enquadra na paisagem envolvente, verificando as relações visuais, funcionais e representativas existentes, na perspetiva de que toda a obra arquitetónica se encontra, desde o projeto à sua utilização, associada com a paisagem em que se integra e à qual passa a pertencer.Pinto de Sousa House, built in 1984, in Ofir (municipality of Esposende), is one of the most important works by the architect Alcino Soutinho. Having a functional architecture, specifically aimed at the client and inspired by the territory, it has noticeable strong connection with the surrounding landscape, distinct by the natural character. Located in a coastal pine forest, in the sandbank separating the ocean from the Cávado River estuary, this area is characterized by its ecological relevance, environmental fragility, but also by the atmosphere of tranquility and contact with nature. In this article, we intend to analyze the relationship between the natural and the built, investigating the way in which the building is articulated with the surrounding landscape, verifying the existing visual, functional and representative relationships, in the perspective that all the architectural work is, from the project to its use, associated with the landscape in which it is integrated and to which it belongs.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

La estructura ecológica urbana como promotor de la calidad de vida : caso de Porto, Portugal.

1 archivo PDF (Tipo: Presentación) : principalmente ilustraciones en color ; 68 diapositivas. 1 archivo PDF con la sintesis de la presentción en idioma portuguésEste trabajo tiene como objetivo contribuir al diseño de estructuras ecológicas urbanas eficientes en las ciudades contemporáneas, a través de su funciones en la calidad de vida de las poblaciones. Para ello se pretende examinar diversas estructuras ecológicas urbanas existentes ; definir estrategias para el desarrollo de métodos para diseño y gestión de una estructuras ecológicas urbanas, basado en los roles que desempeña en las áreas urbanas. Este trabajo presenta el análisis de parcelas de la Estructura Ecológica Urbana localizadas en diferentes partes de la ciudad, de Porto en Portugal y se discute su papel en el desarrollo ambiental, social y económico. SUISEPTE

Genetic predisposition for aggressive behaviour related with dopamine and serotonin pathways : an overview

Abstract in proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of CiiEM: Health, Well-Being and Ageing in the 21st Century, held at Egas Moniz’ University Campus in Monte de Caparica, Almada, from 3–5 June 2019.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The genetic susceptibility linking preterm birth and periodontal disease : a review

Abstract in proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of CiiEM: Health, Well-Being and Ageing in the 21st Century, held at Egas Moniz’ University Campus in Monte de Caparica, Almada, from 3–5 June 2019.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio