51 research outputs found
The biodegradation of hydroxyapatite bone graft substitutes in vivo
Hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics are widely used for bone reconstruction. They are
osteoconductive and serve as structural scaffolds for the deposition of new bone.
Generally, scaffold materials should be degradable as they affect the mechanical
properties of the reconstructed bone negatively. Degradation by osteoclasts
during the bone remodelling process is desirable but often does not take place.
In the current study we analysed by light microscopy the degradation of two
granular HA implants in critically sized defects in the mandibula of Goettingen
mini-pigs five weeks after implantation. Bio-Oss® consists of sintered bovine
bone and NanoBone® is a synthetic HA produced in a sol-gel process in the
presence of SiO2. We found that both biomaterials were degraded by osteoclasts
with ruffled borders and acid phosphatase activity. The osteoclasts created
resorption lacunae and resorptive trails and contained mineral particles. Frequently,
resorption surfaces were in direct contact with bone formative surfaces
on one granule. Granules, especially of NanoBone®, were also covered by osteoclasts
if located in vascularised connective tissue distant from bone tissue.
However, this usually occurred without the creation of resorption lacunae. The
former defect margins consisted of newly formed bone often without remnants
of bone substitutes. Our results show that the degradation of both biomaterials
corresponds to the natural bone degradation processes and suggest the possibility
of complete resorption during bone remodelling
Bone functions and the requirements for bone grafts and substitutes in the orofacial region
Bone is the largest calcium storage, has distinctive plasticity and adaptability and
is part of the supporting tissue. An adequate composition is thus necessary. The
bone matrix consists of organic and anorganic structures. Osteoblasts, osteoclasts
and osteocytes are responsible for bone formation, resorption and metabolism.
The periosteum, endosteum and bone tissue are a functional unit and provide
protection, nutrition and growth. Bone is subject to continuous remodelling
Wound management after the application of bone grafting substitutes in the orofacial region
Surgical dressing after the application of bone grafting material depends on the
type and size of the defect. A complete and tension-free wound closure has
proved to be successful. In this context the infection problem needs special
attention. Bone graft substitutes with an adequate surface structure, porosity
and chemical properties, in combination with sufficient blood circulation, hold
osteoconductive potential. They serve as a guide rail for the osteoblast-induced
formation of new bone tissue, which at best may lead to complete replacement
of the grafting material
Critical considerations on the diagnostic appraisal, adaptation and remodelling of bone graft substitutes
The diagnostic assessment of skeletal defects has a long-standing tradition. As
a result of the development of new bone grafting materials, the demands on
diagnostic assessment have also increased. The mode and quality of diagnostic
appraisal are crucial to further clinical use and outcome prediction. Alongside
traditional clinical and biological techniques, molecular biological methods have
gained a broad scope of application and will be used even more frequently in
the future
Uncoupled excitons in semiconductor microcavities detected in resonant Raman scattering
We present an outgoing resonant Raman-scattering study of a GaAs/AlGaAs based microcavity embedded in a p-i-n junction. The p-i-n junction allows the vertical electric field to be varied, permitting control of exciton-photon detuning and quenching of photoluminescence which otherwise obscures the inelastic light scattering signals. Peaks corresponding to the upper and lower polariton branches are observed in the resonant Raman cross sections, along with a third peak at the energy of uncoupled excitons. This third peak, attributed to disorder activated Raman scattering, provides clear evidence for the existence of uncoupled exciton reservoir states in microcavities in the strong-coupling regime
Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications
Spintronics, or spin electronics, involves the study of active control and
manipulation of spin degrees of freedom in solid-state systems. This article
reviews the current status of this subject, including both recent advances and
well-established results. The primary focus is on the basic physical principles
underlying the generation of carrier spin polarization, spin dynamics, and
spin-polarized transport in semiconductors and metals. Spin transport differs
from charge transport in that spin is a nonconserved quantity in solids due to
spin-orbit and hyperfine coupling. The authors discuss in detail spin
decoherence mechanisms in metals and semiconductors. Various theories of spin
injection and spin-polarized transport are applied to hybrid structures
relevant to spin-based devices and fundamental studies of materials properties.
Experimental work is reviewed with the emphasis on projected applications, in
which external electric and magnetic fields and illumination by light will be
used to control spin and charge dynamics to create new functionalities not
feasible or ineffective with conventional electronics.Comment: invited review, 36 figures, 900+ references; minor stylistic changes
from the published versio
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Analysis of P2X7 Receptor and Panx1 Expression in Osteoporosis
It has been found that there exist certain crystalline aluminosilicates which provide regular net-works of channels with diameters no bigger than those of molecules. Such crystals can act as sieves (thus the name molecular sieves now marketed by the Linde Air Products Company) and bring about a separation of molecular species by occluding small molecules while not adsorbing larger molecules or molecules with shapes that do not fit.
The aluminosilicates were termed zeolites first by Baron Cronstedt (1) some 200 years ago. He observed that certain mineral crystals, when heated, appeared to melt and to boil at the same time. Thus, from the Greek zeo, to boil, and lithos, stone, Cronstedt coined the term zeolite.
The use of zeolite (molecular sieves) has increased during the past several years. The earlier work (1930- 1950) involved the study of the naturally occurring zeolites. During the last ten years the activity has been concerned with the use of synthetic crystalline zeolites in separating both gaseous and liquid components by the molecular sieve action
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