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The evolution of rhythmic cognition: New perspectives and technologies in comparative research
Music is a pervasive phenomenon in human culture, and musical rhythm is virtually present in all musical traditions. Research on the evolution and cognitive underpinnings of rhythm can benefit from a number of approaches. We outline key concepts and definitions, allowing fine-grained analysis of rhythmic cognition in experimental studies. We advocate comparative animal research as a useful approach to answer questions about human music cognition and review experimental evidence from different species. Finally, we suggest future directions for research on the cognitive basis of rhythm. Apart from research in semi-natural setups, possibly allowed by “drum set for chimpanzees” prototypes presented here for the first time, mathematical modeling and systematic use of circular statistics may allow promising advances
Magnetic charge and ordering in kagome spin ice
We present a numerical study of magnetic ordering in spin ice on kagome, a
two-dimensional lattice of corner-sharing triangles. The magnet has six ground
states and the ordering occurs in two stages, as one might expect for a
six-state clock model. In spin ice with short-range interactions up to second
neighbors, there is an intermediate critical phase separated from the
paramagnetic and ordered phases by Kosterlitz-Thouless transitions. In dipolar
spin ice, the intermediate phase has long-range order of staggered magnetic
charges. The high and low-temperature phase transitions are of the Ising and
3-state Potts universality classes, respectively. Freeze-out of defects in the
charge order produces a very large spin correlation length in the intermediate
phase. As a result of that, the lower-temperature transition appears to be of
the Kosterlitz-Thouless type.Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures, accepted version with minor change
On the theory of diamagnetism in granular superconductors
We study a highly disordered network of superconducting granules linked by
weak Josephson junctions in magnetic field and develop a mean field theory for
this problem. The diamagnetic response to a slow {\it variations} of magnetic
field is found to be analogous to the response of a type-II superconductor with
extremely strong pinning. We calculate an effective penetration depth
and critical current and find that both and
are non-zero but are strongly suppressed by frustration.Comment: REVTEX, 12 pages, two Postscript figure
Aging and memory properties of topologically frustrated magnets
The model 2d kagome system (H3O)Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6 and the 3d pyrochlore Y2Mo2O7
are two well characterized examples of low-disordered frustrated
antiferromagnets which rather then condensing into spin liquid have been found
to undergo a freezing transition with spin glass-like properties. We explore
more deeply the comparison of their properties with those of spin glasses, by
the study of characteristic rejuvenation and memory effects in the
non-stationary susceptibility. While the pyrochlore shows clear evidence for
these non-trivial effects, implying temperature selective aging, that is
characteristic of a wide hierarchical distribution of equilibration processes,
the kagome system does n not show clearly these effects. Rather, it seems to
evolve towards the same final state independently of temperature.Comment: submitted for the proceedings of the 46th MMM conference (Seattle,
2001
Neutron spectroscopic study of crystal field excitations in Tb2Ti2O7 and Tb2Sn2O7
We present time-of-flight inelastic neutron scattering measurements at low
temperature on powder samples of the magnetic pyrochlore oxides Tb2Ti2O7 and
Tb2Sn2O7. These two materials possess related, but different ground states,
with Tb2Sn2O7 displaying "soft" spin ice order below Tn~0.87 K, while Tb2Ti2O7
enters a hybrid, glassy spin ice state below Tg~0.2 K. Our neutron
measurements, performed at T=1.5 K and 30 K, probe the crystal field states
associated with the J=6 states of Tb3+ within the appropriate Fd\bar{3}m
pyrochlore environment. These crystal field states determine the size and
anisotropy of the Tb3+ magnetic moment in each material's ground state,
information that is an essential starting point for any description of the
low-temperature phase behavior and spin dynamics in Tb2Ti2O7 and Tb2Sn2O7.
While these two materials have much in common, the cubic stanate lattice is
expanded compared to the cubic titanate lattice. As our measurements show, this
translates into a factor of ~2 increase in the crystal field bandwidth of the
2J+1=13 states in Tb2Ti2O7 compared with Tb2Sn2O7. Our results are consistent
with previous measurements on crystal field states in Tb2Sn2O7, wherein the
ground state doublet corresponds primarily to m_J=|\pm 5> and the first excited
state doublet to mJ=|\pm 4>. In contrast, our results on Tb2Ti2O7 differ
markedly from earlier studies, showing that the ground state doublet
corresponds to a significant mixture of mJ=|\pm 5>, |\mp 4>, and |\pm 2>, while
the first excited state doublet corresponds to a mixture of mJ=|\pm 4>, |\mp
5>, and |\pm 1>. We discuss these results in the context of proposed mechanisms
for the failure of Tb2Ti2O7 to develop conventional long-range order down to 50
mK.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures. Version is the same as the published one, except
for figure placement on page
Reproductive Biology of the Frecklebelly Darter, Percina stictogaster (Teleostei: Percidae)
The reproductive biology of the Frecklebelly Darter, Percina stictogaster, was studied in the Red River, Menifee-Powell counties, Kentucky, from 2009-2012. Males and females mature at Age II. Spawning occurs from late February to early April in water temperatures of 7-16° C in areas with strong current (0.16-0.88 m/sec) and fine gravel substrates. A 52 mm SL female collected in early March had 100 mature ova. Aquarium observations confirm this species buries its eggs in a manner similar to other Percina darters. Fertilized eggs were about 2.5 mm in diameter, clear, demersal, and slightly adhesive. At 10° C eggs hatched in 18-25 days (100% survival) into larvae 7-8 mm TL. Larvae were initially benthic, but became pelagic 2- 3 days later. By about 11 mm TL, the yolk sac was absorbed, and the young returned to the bottom. In early June, young (about 2 months old) were 16-25 mm SL and had acquired diagnostic pigmentation. They occupied areas with Justicia sp. or coarse woody debris in low-velocity habitats, adjacent to riffles
The three transfer RNAs occupying the A, P and E sites on the ribosome are involved in viral programmed -1 ribosomal frameshift
The -1 programmed ribosomal frameshifts (PRF), which are used by many viruses, occur at a heptanucleotide slippery sequence and are currently thought to involve the tRNAs interacting with the ribosomal P- and A-site codons. We investigated here whether the tRNA occupying the ribosomal E site that precedes a slippery site influences -1 PRF. Using the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) frameshift region, we found that mutating the E-site codon altered the -1 PRF efficiency. When the HIV-1 slippery sequence was replaced with other viral slippery sequences, mutating the E-site codon also altered the -1 PRF efficiency. Because HIV-1 -1 PRF can be recapitulated in bacteria, we used a bacterial ribosome system to select, by random mutagenesis, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) mutations that modify the expression of a reporter requiring HIV-1 -1 PRF. Three mutants were isolated, which are located in helices 21 and 22 of 16S rRNA, a region involved in translocation and E-site tRNA binding. We propose a novel model where -1 PRF is triggered by an incomplete translocation and depends not only on the tRNAs interacting with the P- and A-site codons, but also on the tRNA occupying the E site
Enhanced heterogeneously catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura reaction over SiliaCat Pd(0)
The SiliaCat Pd(0) solid catalyst can be efficiently employed in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of an ample variety of haloarenes, including economically viable chloroarenes. The catalyst can be extensively recycled without loss of activity and with low leaching of valued palladium, opening the route to widespread utilization of the method to afford high yields of biaryls devoid of contaminating by-products
Peak effect in single crystal MgB superconductor for -axis
We have studied the phase diagram of MgB superconductor using a single
crystal for -axis. For the first time we report the
existence of peak effect in the screening current in MgB single crystal
for -axis. In the magnetic field regime kOe the
local fundamental diamagnetic moment displays a very narrow diamagnetic step,
with a temperature width of the same size as the zero dc-magnetic field
transition. For higher field this step is transformed to a peak which is
related with the peak effect in the screening current. Finally, for kOe
the diamagnetic step is transformed to a gradual transition. Our findings for
the vortex matter phase diagram for the MgB are closely related with
theoretical predictions concerning the vortex matter phase diagram of a type II
superconductor in the presence of weak point disorder.Comment: Has been submitted for publication in PRL since 21 February 200
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