140 research outputs found
International equity portfolio investment and enforcement of insider trading laws: a cross-country analysis
In this study, we examine the effects of stringent insider trading lawsâ enforcement, institutions and stock market development on international equity portfolio allocation using data from 44 countries over the period 2001-2015. Our results suggest that stringent insider trading laws and their enforcement exert a positive and significant impact on international portfolio investment allocation. Further analysis indicates that the interaction between a countryâs institutional quality, stock market development and enforcement of insider trading laws have a positive and significant effect on international equity portfolio allocation. The findings of this study have implications for the design of portfolio investment trading strategies and contribute to the literature on foreign equity investment decisions
Enantioselective DielsâAlder reactions catalyzed by hydrogen bonding
Like molecules of life (e.g., proteins and DNA), many pharmaceutical drugs are also asymmetric (chiral); they are not superimposable on their mirror images. One mirror image form (enantiomer) of a drug can have desirable activity, the other not. Consequently, the development of methods for the selective synthesis of one enantiomer is of great scientific and economic importance. We report here that a simple, commercially available chiral alcohol, α,α,αâČ,αâČ-tetraaryl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanol (TADDOL), catalyzes the all-carbon DielsâAlder reactions of aminosiloxydienes and substituted acroleins to afford the products in good yields and high enantioselectivities (up to 92% enantiomeric excess). It is remarkable that the reactions are promoted by hydrogen bonding, the ubiquitous âglueâ that helps to keep water molecules together and holds up the 3D structures of proteins. Hydrogen bond catalysis is little used in chemical synthesis, wherein most reactions are promoted by complexes of Lewis acidic metal salts coordinated to chiral ligands. As it does for enzymes, hydrogen bonding not only organizes TADDOL into a well defined conformation, but, functioning as a BrĂžnsted acid catalyst, it also activates the dienophile toward reaction with the diene. The gross structure of the TADDOL has been found to have a profound influence on both the rate and the enantioselectivity of the cycloadditions. These structureâfunction effects are rationalized by evaluating the conformation adopted by the TADDOLs in the crystal state. It is suggested that Ï,Ï-stacking plays an central role in the overall catalytic cycle, in particular, the enantioselective step
Asymmetric Organocatalysis in Continuous Flow: Opportunities for Impacting Industrial Catalysis
Synthesis of Hydroxy Amino Acids Through Bronsted Base-Catalyzed syn-Selective Direct Aldol Reaction of Schiff Bases of Glycine oNitroanilide
Proline and its Derivatives as Organocatalysts for Multiâ Component Reactions in Aqueous Media: Synergic Pathways to the Green Synthesis of Heterocycles
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