Características de las directoras de los centros escolares andaluces: análisis y propuestas para el cambio social

Aunque el número de profesoras es mayor que el de profesores en las escuelas e institutos los puestos de dirección han sido y son ocupados mayoritariamente por los hombres. En esta ponencia se presentan los resultados y una reflexión sobre las características personales y profesionales de las mujeres en las organizaciones educativas y los puestos de dirección. Entre los hallazgos de nuestra investigación se pone de manifiesto que el porcentaje de nuevas directoras va acercándose progresivamente al de sus colegas varones, sobre todo en mujeres que superan los 40 años, aunque todavía siguen dirigiendo mayoritariamente centros de Educación Infantil y Primaria y se concentran prioritariamente en centros de tamaño pequeño o mediano

Adiposidad corporal y su relación con componentes del síndrome metabólico en adultos de Bogotá, Colombia

Objective: recently, Bergman et al. have introduced a new index of adiposity, namely, body adiposity index (BAI), as a marker of obesity excess body fat in clinical practice. We aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to assess the predicting ability of BAI in various atherogenic indices, MetS and its components among adult from Bogota, Colombia. Methods: cross-sectional study in 690 male. MetS components (waist circumference ? 90 cm; fasting plasma glucose ? 100 mg/dL, blood pressure ? 135/85 mm Hg; triglycerides ? 150 mg/dL and HDL-c ? 40 mg/dL were measured. Atherogenic indices (cholesterol/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c, triglycerides/HDL-c, lipid-metabolic index [LMI] and MetS score) were calculated. Results: the prevalence of obesity by BAI (cut-point > 26.1%) and MetS was 50.1% and 19.1%, respectively. Subjects with MetS and obesity by BAI, show lower HDL-c levels and more frequently components of MetS (waist circumference, cholesterol and serum triglycerides). Predicting ability of BAI with a greater odds for atherogenic indices were 1.78 (95%CI 1.25 to 2.55), 1.46 (95%CI 1.01 to 2.14), 1.97 (95% 1.29 to 3.02), 2.04 (95%CI 1.23 to 3.39) and 1.47 (95%CI 1.03 to 2.11), elevation in LDL-c, LMI, MetS score and cholesterol/ HDL-c, and triglyceride/HDL-c, respectively (p less than 0.05). Conclusion: subjects with higher levels of BAI show raised prevalence of obesity and positively associated with components of MetS. © 2015, Grupo Aula Medica S.A. All Rights Reserved

Análisis de la violencia hacia las niñas: un estudio de casos en un colegio de primaria

Los estereotipos culturales facilitan y permiten el uso de la violencia sobre las mujeres. Con este estudio pretendemos definir y analizar las manifestaciones de violencia hacia las niñas en los primeros años de su escolaridad donde se instauran comportamientos y actitudes que van a determinar sus relaciones como personas adultas. Para ello hemos realizado una investigación en cuya primera fase llevamos a cabo un estudio de casos en un colegio de primaria con el objetivo de comprender en profundidad este problema. En este artículo presentarnos los primeros resultados del estudi

Un estudio para analizar la violencia contra las niñas en la escuela primaria

En esta ponencia se presenta un estudio1 en el que se ha llevado a cabo con la pretensión de definir y analizar la violencia hacia las niñas en los primeros años de su escolaridad obligatoria (desde 1º a 6º de Educación Primaria, durante el curso 2007-08), ya que en esta etapa es cuando se instauran comportamientos y actitudes que van a determinar sus relaciones como personas adultas. Se ha tratado de describir cuáles son los factores que están incidiendo en las manifestaciones de violencia hacia las niñas (personas, circunstancias, reacciones, modelos de conducta,...) y analizar si mantienen relación con las situaciones que acontecen. Se ha seleccionado una muestra representativa de 644 estudiantes (302 niñas y 342 niños). Como instrumento se ha usado un cuestionario, adaptado a la población del estudio, que consta de 224 cuestiones. El análisis de los datos se ha realizado con el paquete estadístico SPSS-16.0, utilizando, en primer lugar, un análisis descriptivo de los datos, para aplicar posteriormente técnicas estadísticas (prueba chi-cuadrado, tablas de contingencias, test no paramétricos sobre la mediana como el de U-Mann-Whitney) para determinar las diferencias entre grupos de alumnos y alumnas

Fitness muscular y riesgo cardio-metabólico en adultos jóvenes colombianos

Objective: To determine the influence of muscular fitness (MF) on cardiometabolic risk factors in young adult.Methods: A total of 172 men (age 19.7±2.4 years; weight 65.5±10.7 kg; BMI 22.6±2.8 kg•m-1) were invited to participate in the study. They had no indication of cardiometabolic problems, as evaluated by clinical interview. MF was measured by isometric handgrip (dynamometer). The handgrip strength was divided by body mass was used in further analysis. Lower and higher MF values are represented by the first and fourth quartiles, respectively. A lipid-metabolic cardiovascular risk index was derived from the levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and glucose. Adiposity index were assessed by measuring, waist circumference (WC), body adiposity index (BAI), body mass index (BMI) and fat mass (%).Results: After adjustment for age, BMI and WC, inverse association was observed between fat mass, WC, cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and MF (p less than 0.05) . In addition, subjects with low handgrip strength/kg body mass (Q1), shower high levels of fat mass, WC, cholesterol, HDL-c and LDL-c (p less than 0.05 linear). Lasted, a linear relationship was also observed between the MF/kg and the lipid-metabolic index (p less than 0.05).Conclusions: In Colombian young adult poorer handgrip strength/kg body mass were associated with worse metabolic risk factors and adiposity index. Increasing muscle strength could be an appropriate strategy to achieve favorable changes in metabolic risk profile. © 2014, Grupo Aula Medica S.A. All rights reserved

Use of dietary supplements by pregnant women in Colombia

Background: During pregnancy, the need for certain nutrients increases. This study assessed the prevalence and socio-demographic factors associated with dietary supplement use in a representative sample of pregnant women in Colombia. Method: Data for this study were obtained from a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey (ENSIN, 2010). A total of 1856 pregnant women, 13–49 years of age, were recruited. The use of prenatal dietary supplements (Vitamins A, C or E) was treated as a binary outcome (used at some time or never sued during pregnancy when prescribed by a doctor) in multinomial analyses. Sociodemographic data and associated factors were assessed by computer-assisted personal interview technology. Results: Of the sample, 1123 women (68.6%) reported taking prenatal dietary supplements at some stage during their pregnancy. Most users had a high socioeconomic level (79.5%), were in their third trimester of pregnancy (79.5%), were 30–49 years of age (74.0%), and lived in the central region of Colombia (73.8%). The multivariate logistic regression showed that third trimester of pregnancy (OR 6.2;95% CI 4.0 to 9.3), high educational level (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.5 to 3.4), high socioeconomic level -SISBEN IV or more- (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.4 to 2.8), residence in the Atlantic region (north) (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.7 to 3.6), Eastern region (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.3 to 3.1), central region (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.7 to 3.9), Pacific region (west) (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.0 to 2.3), and belonging to the mestizo (others) ethnic group (OR 1.2; 95% CI 1.0 to 2.6), were all associated with a higher probability of dietary supplement intake. Conclusion: The prevalence of prenatal dietary supplements in pregnant women in Colombia was found to be substantial. The variables significantly associated with their use were educational level, socioeconomic level, trimester of pregnancy, geographic level and ethnic group. These results indicate the necessity of implementing new health policies that guarantee uniform access to nutritional supplements for all population sectors, especially in countries, such as Colombia, who are currently undergoing a process of nutritional transition.The ENSIN was funded by the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF, for its initials in Spanish) and was conducted during the years 2008–2010. The funding had no role in the study design, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication

Evaluación del índice de adiposidad corporal en la predicción del porcentaje de grasa en adultos de Bogotá, Colombia

Objective: the body adiposity index (BAI) is a new simplistic method for predicting body fat percentage (BF%) via a simple equation of hip circumference to height. Up to now, few studies have evaluated the performance of BAI in determining excess fat in Colombians. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of BAI as a predictor of body fat in among Colombian adults. Methods: cross-sectional study carried out in a sample of 204 male belonging to the education sector from Bogotá, Colombia. BAI was calculated based on the equation reported in the Bergman et al. %BF determined by tetrapolar bioimpedance analysis (BIA) was used as the reference measure of adiposity. Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess the agreement between the two methods: BAI and BIA. Associations between anthropometric measures of adiposity were investigated by Pearson correlation analysis. Results: in general pupulation, the BAI overestimates %BF (mean difference: 12.5 % [95%CI = -4.04 % to -21.02 %]), mainly at lower levels of adiposity (mean difference: 10.2 ± 3.3). Significant correlations were found between BAI and all measurements, being the strongest-moderate correlation with %BF (r = 0.777, p less than 0.001), waist to height ratio (r = 0.557, p less than 0.001) and BMI (r = 0.480, p less than 0.001). Conclusion: the results of this investigation indicate that BAI results in large individual errors when predicting BF% among Colombian adults and has a tendency to provide overestimated values as BF% decreases. Therefore, this method can be a useful tool to predict %BF in Colombian adults, although it has some limitations. © 2015, Grupo Aula Medica S.A. All rights reserved

Diferencias demográficas y socioeconómicas asociadas al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en niños y adolescentes Colombianos

Introduction: sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) are becoming a common component in the diets among children and adolescents, and its consumption is associated with an increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to describe the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among Colombian children and adolescents and to examine whether differences by demographic and socioeconomic according to gender. Methods: we used data from the 2010 National Nutrition Survey of Colombia (ENSIN 2010) for 10 373 children and adolescents between 5 and 17 years old. SSB intake was based on intake from regular soda and/ or concentrated drinks. Demographic factors (sex, age, ethnicity, urbanicity, area and geographic region) and socioeconomic level (social class) were collected by structured questionnaire. Associations were established through a multivariate logistic regression. All analyzes were calculated by complex samples. Results: nationwide, 23% of girls and 22.4% of boys drank SSB at least once a week. Differences by demographic factors were observed for SSB consumption. In girls, factors associated with a greater odds for SSB intake (? 1 time/week) were aged 14 to 17 years old [OR = 1.65 (95%CI = 1.32, 2.06)], living in the central region [OR = 2.42 (95%CI = 1.81, 3.25)] and urban area [OR = 1.77 (95%CI = 1.42, 2.20)]. In boys, the multivariate logistic regression shows that adolescents aged 14 to 17 years old [OR = 1.96 (95%CI = 1.58, 2.24)], living in the national territories (South) [OR = 2.42 (95%CI = 1.77, 3.32)] and urban area [OR = 1.79 (95%CI = 1.45, 2.20)] were associated with a higher probability of SSB consumption. Social class was not associated with SSB intake. Conclusions: SSB intake varies by certain demographic factors. Government can use findings from this study to tailor efforts to decrease SSB intake and to encourage consumption of more healthful beverages (e.g, water) among Colombian children and adolescents Conclusions: SSB intake varies by certain demographic factors. Government can use findings from this study to tailor efforts to decrease SSB intake and to encourage consumption of more healthful beverages (e.g, water) among Colombian children and adolescents © 2015, Grupo Aula Medica S.A. All rights reserved

Liver Fat Content and Body Fat Distribution in Youths with Excess Adiposity

This study had two main objectives: To examine the association between body fat distribution and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fat content, and to determine whether the relationship between NAFLD and regional body fat distribution, with respect to liver fat content in youths with excess adiposity, is independent of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and a healthy diet. Liver fat content (controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)), body fat distribution (body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, fat mass/height, body fat percentage, total fat mass, android-to-gynoid fat mass ratio, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and lean mass index, determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)), CRF (20-m shuttle-run test), and healthy diet (adherence to the Mediterranean diet by KIDMED questionnaire) were measured in 126 adolescents (66% girls) aged between 11 and 17 years. Participants were assigned to two groups according to the presence or absence of hepatic steatosis (CAP values >225 dB/m or 30% by DXA), youths with NAFLD had higher fat distribution parameters than those without NAFLD, regardless of sex, age, puberty stage, lean mass index, CRF, and healthy diet (p 0.05), except for the case of VAT. Body fat distribution parameters were higher in youths with NAFLD compared to those without NAFLD. Additionally, body fat distribution showed a significant association with liver fat content as assessed by CAP in youths with NAFLD independent of CRF and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, supporting the notion that upper body fat distribution might play a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD in adolescents. These results may have implications for the clinical management of youths with excess adiposity given the high prevalence of NAFLD in children and young adults