Evaluación exploratoria del cultivo de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.): Enfoque del paisaje del desempeño

Objective: Perform an exploratory analysis of sugar cane (Saccharum spp.) cultivation (CCA) through a performance landscape (PD) approach including an analytical description of the food balance sheet and performance indicators. Design/methodology/approach: Three main dataset were constructed by using different statistic information systems, including eight performance variables-production, exports, imports, consumption per capita, acreage, production value, yield, farm-gate price, revenue per hectare on SCC, sugar products and 82 perennial crops (PC). Analytical description was based on municipality scale and temporal series (2003-2017). PL focused on the assessment of percentage proportion between SCC and PC, considering acreage and production value. Results: Mexican consumption of sugar equivalent was decreasing in spite of its high consumption value (37.5 kg person-1 y-1). For 15 years, production of SCC and its acreage have gradually increased. Since farm gate prices showed a real increment (34%), production value and revenue per hectare (MX55676 ha-1) also revealed growth. In contrast, yield (84 Mg ha-1) stagnated (5%). PL assessment identified 94 municipalities where SCC dominates acreage and production value. Limitations on study/implications: Descriptive analysis is powerful to characterize systems and shed light on improving understanding on the identification of driving factors, selecting a core dataset to measure their impacts and seeking for causality relationships. Findings/conclusions: The integration of different information sources clarify the interrelations between economic, social and environmental themes, particularly in agriculture.Objetivo: Realizar un análisis exploratorio del cultivo de la caña de azúcar (CCA) mediante un enfoque de paisaje del desempeño (PD) incluyendo una descripción analítica de hoja balance alimentaria e indicadores de desempeño. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Tres tablas de datos fueron construidas usando diferentes sistemas de información estadística (SIE) e incluyendo ocho variables –producción, exportaciones, importaciones, consumo per cápita, superficie, valor de la producción (VP), precio pagado al productor (PP) e ingreso unitario sobre el CCA, productos de azúcar y 82 cultivos perennes (SPAP). La descripción analítica fue basada a nivel municipal y una serie temporal (2003-2017). A través del PD, se evaluó el porcentaje de proporción entre el CCA y los SPAP, considerando superficie y el VP. Resultados: El consumo de azúcar equivalente está disminuyendo (37.5 kg persona-1 año-1). Las exportaciones incrementaron y representaron 40% de la producción; las importaciones crecieron moderadamente, pero existe suficiencia alimentaria. Por 15 años, la producción y superficie del CCA ha crecido gradualmente. Los PP mostraron un crecimiento real (34%), en consecuencia, también el VP y el ingreso unitario ($ 55,676 ha-1). En contraste, el rendimiento (84 Mg ha-1) está estancado (5%). La evaluación del PD identificó 94 municipios donde el CCA domina superficie y VP. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: El análisis descriptivo es una herramienta útil para caracterizar sistemas y proporciona mayor claridad sobre la identificación de factores de cambio, selección de datos centrales, así como de facilitar la búsqueda de relaciones causales. Este tipo de estudios, aporta información a temas económicos de gran visión. sin embargo; en lo social, se carece de relaciones vinculantes entre productores e instituciones que concentran los datos, además de que no contiene información ambiental (clima, suelo, etc.) y de manejo agronómico del cultivo de la caña de azúcar en cada estado de la república mexicana. Hallazgos/conclusiones: La integración de diferentes SIE clarifica las interrelaciones entre los temas económicos, particularmente en agricultur

Birds and bioenergy within the americas: A cross‐national, social–ecological study of ecosystem service tradeoffs

Although renewable energy holds great promise in mitigating climate change, there are socioeconomic and ecological tradeoffs related to each form of renewable energy. Forest‐related bioenergy is especially controversial, because tree plantations often replace land that could be used to grow food crops and can have negative impacts on biodiversity. In this study, we examined public perceptions and ecosystem service tradeoffs between the provisioning services associated with cover types associated with bioenergy crop (feedstock) production and forest habitat‐related supporting services for birds, which themselves provide cultural and regulating services. We combined a social survey‐based assessment of local values and perceptions with measures of bioenergy feedstock production impacts on bird habitat in four countries: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and the USA. Respondents in all countries rated birds as important or very important (83–99% of respondents) and showed lower enthusiasm for, but still supported, the expansion of bioenergy feedstocks (48–60% of respondents). Bioenergy feedstock cover types in Brazil and Argentina had the greatest negative impact on birds but had a positive impact on birds in the USA. In Brazil and Mexico, public perceptions aligned fairly well with the realities of the impacts of potential bioenergy feedstocks on bird communities. However, in Argentina and the USA, perceptions of bioenergy impacts on birds did not match well with the data. Understanding people’s values and perceptions can help inform better policy and management decisions regarding land use changes

PRODUCTIVITY MANAGEMENT ANALYSIS OF CACAO AGRO-FOOD SYSTEM IN TABASCO, MEXICO: AN APPLICATION OF THE ‘FITNESS’ APPROACH

Survival of agro-food systems are challenging and require a fresh approach to analyse. Application of ‘productivity management’ perspective extends the conventional view of ‘productivity’ as it incorporates both ‘efficiency (creation of value)’ and ‘effectiveness (attraction of value)’ criteria into a firm’s organisational configurations (set of strategies) to achieve success. We apply a ‘fitness’ approach to examine productivity performance of 356 cacao farmers in Tabasco, Mexico. Results reveal that both ‘factors’ and ‘aspects’ of organisational configurations are significantly positively correlated with the performance indicators. Also, 14 of the 20 productivity management elements are significantly correlated with the performance indicators with three elements (‘participation in organic cacao production’, ‘farmer’s schooling’, and ‘price setting’) exerting strongest influence. Results also show that a set of fittest solutions, rather than a unique solution, exist amongst cacao farmers. The key policy implication is that both ‘efficiency’ and ‘effectiveness’ are valid strategies to cope with the challenging and competitive agro-food system environment. Policy makers should be aware of a set of solutions (fitness landscape) instead of just focusing on a unique solution

Effect of supplementary irrigation on the transpiration and reproductive development of oil palm trees during the dry season in Tabasco, Mexico

Some oil palm production zones have periods of low rainfall, eliciting to water stress and impacting yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the supplementary irrigation application during the dry season, on the water use and the transpiration of oil palm trees, and on morphological changes that occur during the different phenological stages. The monitored site was an oil palm plantation in Jalapa, Tabasco, Mexico (17° 38 N; 92° 56 W; altitude 20 m). There, the plant density is 143 palms ha−1. Two areas of palm trees with ages of 6 and 11 years were located. The soil type was classified as Gleysol. A weather station was placed in a pasture adjacent (1 km) to the plantation. The variables, evaluated from April 1 to June 23, 2017, included the structural characteristics of the plantation, sap flow, transpiration, and the morphological changes at the different phenological stages, which were assessed based on the BBCH scale. The results showed that the water use per palm tree (102–140 kg day−1) and the transpiration (1.59–2.11 mm day−1) were not significantly different among palm trees ages. The application of irrigation during the dry season maintained transpiration in palms of both ages and favoured inflorescence development and fruit formation by shortening the number of days it took the palm plants to reach fruit formation stage (stages 503-700), but increased the number of days required by the bunches to reach maturation (stages 709 to harvest). This study conducted during few months needs to be confirmed by longer term monitoring

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

Since the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

Since the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger.Since the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger

Development of the CMS detector for the CERN LHC Run 3

International audienceSince the initial data taking of the CERN LHC, the CMS experiment has undergone substantial upgrades and improvements. This paper discusses the CMS detector as it is configured for the third data-taking period of the CERN LHC, Run 3, which started in 2022. The entire silicon pixel tracking detector was replaced. A new powering system for the superconducting solenoid was installed. The electronics of the hadron calorimeter was upgraded. All the muon electronic systems were upgraded, and new muon detector stations were added, including a gas electron multiplier detector. The precision proton spectrometer was upgraded. The dedicated luminosity detectors and the beam loss monitor were refurbished. Substantial improvements to the trigger, data acquisition, software, and computing systems were also implemented, including a new hybrid CPU/GPU farm for the high-level trigger