Labor supply of married women in Mexico: 1990-2000

In the last couple of decades, and in particular during the last couple of administrations, the Mexican government has implemented various social programs targeted specifically to women, such as PROGRESA/Oportunidades, a child care program, and a gender equality program (PROIGUALDAD). The impact that those programs may have on the work behavior of women largely depends on the form that the female labor supply takes, and in particular, on the labor supply elasticities with respect to own wages, and the husband’s wages. Despite this fact, the literature on female labor supply in Mexico is very scarce. To our knowledge, there is no estimate of the female labor supply elasticities at the national level. This paper fills in this gap in the literature. Using data from the 1990 and 2000 Mexican Census of Population, we estimate a structural model of labor supply through an application of Wooldridge’s (2002) threestep procedure. We …nd that the female labor supply elasticities had a rather sharp decrease between 1990 and 2000, which suggests that women are getting increasingly attached to the labor market. We also find evidence of heterogenous effects for women with young children and women of different cohorts. Even though female are now less responsive to changes in wages, the elasticities that we …nd are still large enough so that social programs aimed at modifying females´ work behavior through incentives might still be very successful.wage inequality, Mexico, labor supply, employment, married women

¿Quiénes son los NiNis en México?

The objective of this paper is to characterize the population between 15 and 19 years of age in Mexico which does not study and does not work (NiNi). We use the population censuses for 1990, 2000 and 2010, income and expenditure household surveys from 1992 to 2010, and labor surveys from 2005 to 2010. We find that the percentage of NiNis in the population has decreased during the period of study. However, there are stark differences by gender for the decade. With the Great Recession we observe a spike in the proportion of NiNis for males, but not for women. In the case of women, the proportion of NiNis declines steadily during the period mostly due to higher labor force participation and greater school attendance. The estimates from the three samples used are consistent. We estimate that there are 8.6 million NiNis in Mexico in 2010 (28.9 percent of the population in this age group), of which 6.55 of them are women. Finally we found that the most important correlates of idleness are education and household income in the case on men, and domestic work in the case of women

Teenage Pregnancy in Mexico: Evolution and Consequences

We analyze the consequences of a teenage pregnancy event in the short- and long-run in Mexico. Using longitudinal and cross-section data, we match females who got pregnant and those that did not based on a propensity score. In the short-run, we find that a teenage pregnancy causes a decrease of 0.6-0.8 years of schooling, lower attendance to school, less hours of work and a higher marriage rate. In the long-run, we find a loss in years of education of 1-1.2, which implies a permanent effect on education, and that household income per capita is lower

¿Quiénes son los NiNis en México?

The objective of this paper is to characterize the population between 15 and 19 years of age in Mexico which does not study and does not work (NiNi). We use the population censuses for 1990, 2000 and 2010, income and expenditure household surveys from 1992 to 2010, and labor surveys from 2005 to 2010. We find that the percentage of NiNis in the population has decreased during the period of study. However, there are stark differences by gender for the decade. With the Great Recession we observe a spike in the proportion of NiNis for males, but not for women. In the case of women, the proportion of NiNis declines steadily during the period mostly due to higher labor force participation and greater school attendance. The estimates from the three samples used are consistent. We estimate that there are 8.6 million NiNis in Mexico in 2010 (28.9 percent of the population in this age group), of which 6.55 of them are women. Finally we found that the most important correlates of idleness are education and household income in the case on men, and domestic work in the case of women

¿Quiénes son los NiNis en México?

El objetivo del presente trabajo es caracterizar a la población entre las edades de 15 a 29 años de edad en México que no estudia y no trabaja (NiNi). Utilizamos los Censos de Población de 1990, 2000 y 2010, la ENIGH para el periodo 1992‐2010 y la ENOE para el periodo 2005‐2010. Encontramos que la proporción de NiNis en la población ha disminuido para el periodo 1990‐2010 utilizando tanto el Censo como la ENIGH. Sin embargo, existen diferencias notables por sexo y para los últimos 10 años. Con la reciente crisis económica de 2008 se observa un repunte en la proporción de ser NiNi para hombres para el periodo 2000‐2010 el cual puede ser observado con todos los datos analizados (ENIGH, ENOE y Censos). Las tres muestras utilizadas, ENIGH, ENOE y Censo, son consistentes entre sí. El porcentaje de NiNis en 2010 es de 28.9 por ciento (8.6 millones) entre los jóvenes de 15 a 29 años de edad, y para los hombres en el sector urbano el porcentaje de NiNis es de 13.3 por ciento (1.5 millones). El porcentaje de NiNis mujeres disminuye para el periodo debido a incrementos en la oferta laboral y en la asistencia escolar. Encontramos que los principales determinantes de ser NiNi se encuentran la educación del individuo y el ingreso del hogar para el caso de hombres, y para las mujeres su decisión de dedicarse a quehaceres domésticos.jóvenes, México, NiNis, empleo

Postharvest characteristics of Ataulfo mango grown in Soconusco, Chiapas

Objective: To determine the main indices of evolution of postharvest maturity of the Ataulfo mango from Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: The analyzed variables were color of skin L*, a* and b*, starch, total soluble solids (°Brix), pH, skin instrumental firmness, and color/skin firmness correlation. Results: It was found that, as fruit maturity progresses, from stage 1 to stage 5, the values of the variables skin color L, a* and b*, TSS and pH also increase, but starch concentration and instrumental firmness of the fruit decrease. The negative correlation between color L, a* and b* with the firmness of the fruit, suggest the use of the color variable, as a measure of the maturity of the Ataulfo mango. Limitations on study/implications: The evolution of mango ripening has been studied in varieties such as Tommy Atkins, Keitt, Alphonso, among others, and in Ataulfo grown in other regions of Mexico. Knowing the physicochemical evolution process of the Ataulfo mango grown in Soconusco, Chiapas, is essential for producers. Findings/conclusions: The results obtained could be useful to determine the maturity stage of the Ataulfo mango fruit under the environmental conditions of Soconusco, Chiapas.Objective: To determine the main indices of evolution of postharvest maturity of theAtaulfo mango from Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico.Design/methodology/approach: The analyzed variables were color of skin L*, a* and b*, starch, total soluble solids (°Brix), pH, skin instrumental firmness, and color/skin firmness correlation.Results: It was found that, as fruit maturity progresses, from stage 1 to stage 5, the values of the variables skin color L, a* and b*, TSS and pH also increase, but starch concentration and instrumental firmness of the fruit decrease. The negative correlation between color L, a* and b* with the firmness of the fruit, suggest the use of the color variable, as a measure of the maturity of the Ataulfo mango.Limitations on study/implications: The evolution of mango ripening has been studied in varieties such as Tommy Atkins, Keitt, Alphonso, among others, and in Ataulfo grown in other regions of Mexico. Knowing the physicochemical evolution process of the Ataulfo mango grown in Soconusco, Chiapas, is essential for producers.Findings/conclusions: The results obtained could be useful to determine the maturity stage of the Ataulfo mango fruit under the environmental conditions of Soconusco, Chiapas

COVID-19 outbreaks in a transmission control scenario: challenges posed by social and leisure activities, and for workers in vulnerable conditions, Spain, early summer 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 community-wide transmission declined in Spain by early May 2020, being replaced by outbreaks and sporadic cases. From mid-June to 2 August, excluding single household outbreaks, 673 outbreaks were notified nationally, 551 active (>6,200 cases) at the time. More than half of these outbreaks and cases coincided with: (i) social (family/friends’ gatherings or leisure venues) and (ii) occupational (mainly involving workers in vulnerable conditions) settings. Control measures were accordingly applied

EVOLUCIÓN DE LA BRECHA SALARIAL DE GÉNERO EN MÉXICO

El artículo analiza la brecha salarial de género en México entre 1990 y 2010 utilizando los censos de población. En promedio, la brecha salarial ha disminuido en el periodo. En 2010 la brecha salarial de género fue de 6%. El promedio no describe el comportamiento de la brecha en la distribución. Hallamos un patrón estable de “piso pegajoso” y un patrón decreciente de “techo de cristal” a lo largo de la distribución en este periodo. Utilizamos un método semiparamétrico para descomponer la brecha salarial en características y precios, y corregimos por la selección de las mujeres al mercado laboral. La mayor parte de la brecha salarial se debe al efecto de precios y no de características. Al corregir por selección la brecha salarial resulta mayor, lo cual sugiere que existe selección positiva de las mujeres; ésta se acentúa en el caso de las mujeres de baja educación y en cuantiles bajos

¿Quiénes son los NiNis en México?

Artícul