Protective Immunity Induced by an Eimeria tenella Whole Sporozoite Vaccine Elicits Specific B-Cell Antigens

This study investigated protection against Eimeria tenella following the vaccination of chicks with 5.3 × 106 E. tenella whole-sporozoites emulsified in the nanoparticle adjuvant IMS 1313 N VG Montanide™ (EtSz-IMS1313). One-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicks were subcutaneously injected in the neck with EtSz-IMS1313 on the 1st and 10th days of age. Acquired immunity was assayed through a challenge with 3 × 104 homologous sporulated oocysts at 21 days of age. The anticoccidial index (ACI) calculated for every group showed the effectiveness of EtSz-IMS1313 as a vaccine with an ACI of 186; the mock-injected control showed an ACI of 18 and the unimmunized, challenged control showed an ACI of −28. In a comparison assay, antibodies from rabbits and SPF birds immunized with EtSz-IMS1313 recognized almost the same polypeptides in the blotting of E. tenella sporozoites and merozoites. However, rabbit antisera showed the clearest recognition pattern. Polypeptides of 120, 105, 94, 70, 38, and 19 kDa from both E. tenella life cycle stages were the most strongly recognized by both animal species. The E. tenella zoite-specific IgG antibodies from the rabbits demonstrated the feasibility for successful B cell antigen identification

Genetic polymorphism of the αs1-casein locus in five populations of goats from Mexico

With the objective of estimating allele frequencies, and testing for population divergence for the CSN1S1 locus, genotypes of animals from five goat populations; Saanen (n = 97), Alpine (n = 81) Toggenburg (n = 92), local goats with external appearance similar to the Murciana-Granadina breed from Central Mexico (n = 26) and heterogeneous local animals denominated Mosaico Lagunero (n = 30), from Northern Mexico, were identified using PCR and Xmn1 PCR-RFLP methodology. For Saanen, Alpine and Toggenburg, the sum of E and F alleles had the largest frequencies (from 0.468 to 0.789), while for the groups local Murciana-Granadina and Mosaico Lagunero the sum of the most frequent allelic groups (A* and B*), were 0.385 and 0.533 respectively. Both local Murciana-Granadina and Mosaico Lagunero populations showed heterozygote excess (P < 0.08). The percentage of the total genetic variation (FST) explained by population differences was 5.16. There was genetic differentiation for most pair comparisons between populations (P < 0.05), excepting for Alpine versus Toggenburg, and Toggenburg versus Mosaico Lagunero (P > 0.05). For Saanen and Alpine the frequencies of alleles E and F were similar to the same breeds previously analyzed in Europe. Therefore there are opportunities of increasing the frequency of the strong alleles for protein content Gene Assisted Selection (GAS) in these two breeds. For Toggenburg the most frequent allelic groups were F (0.32) and B* (0.21). Results indicate differentiation between most populations for this locus. Moreover, heterozygote excess in local populations indicated breed admixture

Polymorphism of locus DRB3.2 in populations of Creole Cattle from Northern Mexico

The polymorphism of locus BoLA-DRB3.2 of the Major Histocompatibility Complex was evaluated in two northern Mexican Creole cattle populations, Chihuahua (n = 47) and Tamaulipas (n = 51). The BoLA-DRB3.2 locus was typed by amplification and digestion with restriction endonuclease enzymes (PCR-RFLP). Fifty-two alleles were detected (28 previously reported and 24 new ones). In the Chihuahua population, 18 alleles and 5.5 effective alleles were found, while in the Tamaulipas population there were 34 and 10.8, respectively. The allele frequencies ranged from 0.011 to 0.383 in Chihuahua and from 0.010 to 0.206 in Tamaulipas. The frequencies of the new alleles in both cattle populations were low (0.010 to 0.053). The expected heterozygosity was 0.827 and 0.916, respectively, for the Chihuahua and Tamaulipas populations. Both populations presented a heterozygote deficit: [Chihuahua F IS = 0.1 (p = 0.019) and Tamaulipas F IS = 0.317 (p &#60; 0.001)]. In conclusion, this study showed that the Mexican Creole cattle have many low-frequency alleles, several of which are exclusive to these populations. Genetic distances obtained show that the Mexican Creole cattle population is composed of independent populations, far apart from other South American Creole populations

Frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas de la b-caseína en el bovino Criollo Lechero Tropical de México

The objective of this study was to estimate the genotype and allele frequencies of the variants A1 and A2 of the b-casein and determine their relationship with milk production per lactation (PL305) in the Tropical Milking Criollo bovine (CLT). Blood samples were collected from 151 females; from DNA a segment of the b-casein gene was amplified by PCR and genotyped by digestion with restriction endonuclease. Genotype frequencies for A1A1, A1A2 and A2A2 were 0.09, 0.78 and 0.13 (p£0.05) and allele frequencies for A1 y A2 were 0.48 y 0.52 (p>0.05). Genotypic and allelic frequencies of b-casein of the CLT cattle were similar to the Holstein breed. No b-casein genotypes effect was observed in PL305 (p>0.05); least squares means were 1124±93, 1130±152 and 1257±74 for A1A1, A1A2 y A2A2. They will continue simultaneous studies of genotypes of b-casein, k-casein and b-lactoglobulin and production and composition of milk of CLT cows.El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar las frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas de las variantes A1 y A2 de la b-caseína y determinar su relación con la producción de leche por lactancia (PL305) en el bovino Criollo Lechero Tropical (CLT). Se recolectaron muestras de sangre de 151 hembras; a partir del ADN un segmento del gen de la b--caseína se amplifico por PCR y se genotipificó por digestión con endonucleasa de restricción. Las frecuencias genotípicas para A1A1, A1A2 y A2A2 fueron 0,09, 0,78 y 0,13 (p£0,05) y las frecuencias alélicas para A1 y A2 fueron 0,48 y 0,52 (p>0,05). Las frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas de la b-caseína en el ganado CLT fueron similares a la raza Holstein. No se presentó efecto (p>0,05) de los genotipos de la b-caseína en PL305; medias de mínimos cuadrados fueron 1124±93, 1130±152 y 1257±74 para A1A1, A1A2 y A2A2. Continuarán estudios simultáneos de los genotipos para la b-caseína, k-caseína y b-lactoglobulina en la producción y composición de la leche de las vacas CLT

Evaluación de una vacuna de ADN y su péptido recombinante contra inhibina alfa (165-300) sobre la respuesta inmune y fertilidad en ratones

Abstract: The aim was to evaluate a DNA vaccine (INHA-DNA) and its recombinant peptide INHA-rec) against inhibin alpha (INHA) on the immune response and fertility in mice. Sixteen Balb/c mice were divided into two groups of 8 each and under a heterologous prime boost immunogenic scheme one group were inoculated with 100 μg of INHA-DNA and 14 d later with 100 μg of INHA-rec. The control group received saline solution. After the first birth, a booster was given with both antigens (INHA-DNA + INHA-rec). Immunization with 100 μg of INHA-DNA and INHA-rec induced high levels of anti-INHA antibody, as well as greater weight and size litter (P <0.05) compared to control. The mean fertility was similar between INHA (67%) and control (60%). In conclusion, the DNA vaccine and its recombinant antigen against INHA are capable of inducing immunity against INHA by increasing litter size without an apparent negative effect on fertility in mice.Resumen: Se evaluó la vacuna de ADN (INHA-DNA) y su péptido recombinante (INHA-rec) contra inhibina alfa (INHA) sobre la respuesta inmune y la fertilidad en ratones. Dieciséis ratones Balb/c fueron divididos en dos grupos, 8 cada uno. Bajo un esquema de inmunización prime boost heterólogo, un grupo fue inoculado vía intramuscular (IM) con 100 µg de INHA-DNA y 14 d, después con 100 µg de INHA-rec. El grupo control recibió solución salina. Se aparearon las hembras en dos ocasiones. Posterior al primer parto se dio un refuerzo vía IM con ambos inmunógenos (100 µg INHA-DNA + 100 µg INHA-rec). La inmunización con 100 µg de INHA-DNA y INHA-rec indujo altos niveles de anticuerpo anti INHA, mayor tamaño y peso de camada (P<0.05) comparados con el control. La fertilidad promedio fue similar entre los tratados (67%) y control (60%). En conclusión, la vacuna de ADN y su antígeno recombinante es capaz de inducir títulos de anticuerpos contra INHA incrementando el tamaño de camada, sin un efecto negativo sobre la fertilidad en ratones

<i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> IC2 and IC5 Isolates with Co-Existing <i>bla</i>_OXA-143-like and <i>bla</i>_OXA-72 and Exhibiting Strong Biofilm Formation in a Mexican Hospital

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and outbreaks. Antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and virulence factors allow it to survive and spread in the hospital environment. However, the molecular mechanisms of these traits and their association with international clones are frequently unknown in low- and middle-income countries. Here, we analyze the phenotype and genotype of seventy-six HAIs and outbreak-causing A. baumannii isolates from a Mexican hospital over ten years, with special attention to the carbapenem resistome and biofilm formation. The isolates belonged to the global international clone (IC) 2 and the Latin America endemic IC5 and were predominantly extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Oxacillinases were identified as a common source of carbapenem resistance. We noted the presence of the blaOXA-143-like family (not previously described in Mexico), the blaOXA-72 and the blaOXA-398 found in both ICs. A low prevalence of efflux pump overexpression activity associated with carbapenem resistance was observed. Finally, strong biofilm formation was found, and significant biofilm-related genes were identified, including bfmRS, csuA/BABCDE, pgaABCD and ompA. This study provides a comprehensive profile of the carbapenem resistome of A. baumannii isolates belonging to the same pulse type, along with their significant biofilm formation capacity. Furthermore, it contributes to a better understanding of their role in the recurrence of infection and the endemicity of these isolates in a Mexican hospital

Association of Antibiotic Resistance, Cell Adherence, and Biofilm Production with the Endemicity of Nosocomial Klebsiella pneumoniae

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a leading cause of multiple nosocomial infections, some of which are associated with high mortality. The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains highlights their clinical importance and how complicated managing treatment can be. In this study, we investigated antimicrobial resistance, cell adherence, and biofilm production of nosocomial K. pneumoniae strains isolated from surveillance studies in a Mexican tertiary hospital and evaluated the potential association of these phenotypes with endemicity. The great majority of the clones exhibited adhesion to cultured epithelial cells and were strong biofilm producers. A direct relationship between adhesion phenotypes, biofilm production, and endemicity was not always apparent. Biofilm formation and production of ESBL did not appear to be directly associated. Notably, all the endemic strains were multidrug-resistant. This study emphasizes that while endemic strains possess various virulence-associated properties, antimicrobial resistance appears to be a determining factor of their endemicity