Ensaio de caracterização dos campos visuais de crianças em salas de aula: identificação dos componentes arquitetônicos de maior influência

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo, Florianópolis, 2011A sala de aula é um dos ambientes nos quais as crianças passam grande parte do tempo e, especificamente durante a fase do ensino pré-escolar, as crianças entre 4 e 6 anos de idade realizam diversas atividades dentro do espaço de sala de aula, que modificam suas posturas corporais e estas, por sua vez, a altura na qual os olhos se encontram. Tais atividades podem ser desenvolvidas simultaneamente, neste mesmo ambiente, por diferentes usuários que, além, possuem diferentes tamanhos corporais. Sendo assim, a arquitetura de salas de aula para este nível de ensino e aprendizagem deveria ser projetada considerando os aspectos encionados anteriormente, pois essas características arquitetônicas influirão na qualidade da iluminação e sensação de conforto. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar esses aspectos da arquitetura que tem maior influência na percepção do ambiente luminoso e na sensação do ofuscamento, a partir da caracterização dos campos visuais de crianças quando muda a altura da linha de visão. A metodologia usou a simulação computacional no programa Apolux e o modelo matemático do DGI para avaliar, em condições estáticas, três aspectos importantes para caracterizar o campo visual total e as três zonas que o compõem: a área relativa dos componentes arquitetônicos no campo visual, a distribuição das luminâncias médias desses componentes e a sensação do ofuscamento. A comparação dos resultados obtidos nas 168 avaliações realizadas, permitiu identificar, para essas condições específicas, a relação da ocupação dos componentes arquitetônicos e a distribuição das luminâncias com as zonas do campo visual e a avaliação de desconforto causado pelo ofuscamento. Este trabalho permitiu reconhecer algumas diretrizes projetuais sobre aqueles aspectos da arquitetura de salas de aula de pré-escolar, como a refletância das superfícies e a distribuição e localização das aberturas, que devem ser considerados no projeto arquitetônico para melhorar a percepção do ambiente luminoso e a sensação de conforto visual nas primeiras fases de aprendizagem.The classroom is one of the environments in which children spend most of their time, and specifically during the stage of pre-school, children between 4 and 6 years old perform various activities within the space of the classroom, which modify their body postures, and these in turn, the height at which the eyes are located. Such activities can be developed simultaneously at the same place, but for different users that, in addition, have different body sizes. Thus, the architectural of classroom for this education and learning level should be designed considering the aspects mentioned previously, because these architectural characteristics will influence the illumination quality and comfort sensation. This work aimed to identify these aspects of the architecture that have the greatest influence on the perception of the luminous environment and the glare sensation, from the characterization of the visual fields of children when the height of the line of sight changes. The methodology used the computer simulation in the Apolux software and the equation of DGI to evaluate, in static conditions, three important aspects to characterize the total visual field and the three zones that comprise: the relative area of the architecture components in the visual field, the mean luminance distribution of these components and the glare sensation. The comparison of results obtained in the 168 realized evaluations, provided to identify, for these specific conditions, the relation of the occupation of the architectural components and the luminance distribution in visual field zones and the evaluation of the daylight discomfort glare. This work allowed identifying some guidelines on those aspects of the architecture of pre-school classrooms, as the reflectance of surfaces and the distribution and location of the openings, which should be considered in the architectural design to improve the luminous environment perception and the visual comfort sensation in the early stages of learning

Recycling of waste leather : a review of experimental studies

El artículo presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre la reutilización de residuos sólidos procedentes de las operaciones de procesamiento del cueroThe article presents a review of the literature on the reuse of solid waste from leather processing operationsna11 página

Caracterización, procesabilidad y viabilidad técnica de fondos de taza de caucho natural

This study compares the physicochemical and spectroscopic characteristics, resistance tothermooxidation, and processability of natural rubber cup lumps of clones IAN 873 and FX 3864 withthose of technically specifed grade 10 natural rubber from Guatemala—one of the most commonlyimported rubbers in Colombia and Latin America. Additionally, processing characteristics associatedwith energy consumption were determined through torque rheometry. Therefore, compounds wereformed using a semi-efcient vulcanization system. Further, rheometric properties and vulcanizationparameters were measured at 160 °C in a moving die rheometer. Moreover, these measurementswere used to vulcanize the standardized samples and to test stress and hardness properties basedon the Shore A scale. The cup lumps were found to have a higher gel content, which affected the vulcanization reaction of the compounds; however, signifcant differences were found neither in internalmixer processing characteristics nor in the technological properties of the vulcanized compounds.These results reveal that cup lumps represent a technically viable alternative for the production ofnatural rubber products.En este artículo, se compararon propiedades fsicoquímicas, espectroscópicas, de resistencia a la termooxidación y de procesabilidad de fondos de taza de caucho natural de los clonesIAN 873 y FX 3864 respecto del caucho natural técnicamente especifcado grado 10 proveniente deGuatemala, uno de los más importados en Colombia y en América Latina. Se determinaron tambiénsus características de procesamiento en reómetro de torque asociadas al consumo de energía. Seelaboraron compuestos con un sistema de vulcanización semiefciente y se evaluaron propiedadesreométricas y los parámetros de vulcanización a 160ºC mediante reometría de disco móvil, con losque se efectuó la vulcanización de probetas estandarizadas para la evaluación de propiedades entensión y dureza Shore A. Se encontró que los fondos de taza presentaron un mayor contenido degel, lo que tuvo un efecto en la reacción de vulcanización de los compuestos; no obstante, no seencontraron diferencias signifcativas en las características de procesamiento en mezclador internoni en las propiedades tecnológicas de los compuestos vulcanizados. Estos resultados muestran quelos fondos de taza representan una alternativa técnicamente viable para la fabricación de productosen caucho natural

Parámetros metabólicos, antioxidantes y competencia para el desarrollo embrionario de ovocitos bovinos madurados in vitro con L-Carnitina

The antioxidant and metabolic effect of L-carnitine (LC) was evaluated during the in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes on parameters associated with quality: relative amount of lipids, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced glutathione levels (GSH), mitochondrial activity and competence for embryonic development after fertilization. The cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured for 24 h with and without L-C (3.8 mM), and incubated with the specific fluorophore for each parameter, Nile Red (lipids), Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (EROs), Monoclorobimane (GSH), Mitotracker Green (mitochondria). The intensity of the fluorescence was analyzed with the ImageJ software and normalized to the control group of matured oocytes without L-Carnitine. To determine the competence of the oocyte for embryonic development, the matured oocytes were fertilized and cultured for 8 days. In oocytes matured with L-C a decrease of 8.1% of the relative amount of lipids and 41.6% in the generation of EROs was found, while mitochondrial activity increased by 160% with respect to control, plus improved the kinetics and percentage of blastocysts. However, GSH levels were not affected by L-C. The results support the beneficial effect of L-C during the in vitro maturation of the bovine oocyte to improve antioxidant and metabolic parameters that are reflected in the in vitro production of bovine embryos.Se evaluó el efecto antioxidante y metabólico de la L-Carnitina (L-C) durante la maduración in vitro de ovocitos bovinos sobre parámetros asociados a la calidad: cantidad relativa de lípidos, generación de especies reactivas de oxígeno (EROs), niveles de glutatión reducido (GSH), actividad mitocondrial y la competencia para el desarrollo embrionario posterior a la fertilización. Los complejos cúmulo ovocito fueron madurados por 24 h con y sin L-C (3.8 mM), e incubados con el fluoróforo específico para cada parámetro, Rojo Nilo (lípidos), Diclorofluoresceina diacetato (EROs), Monoclorobimane (GSH), Mitotracker Green (mitocondria). La intensidad de la fluorescencia fue analizada con el software ImageJ y normalizada al grupo control de ovocitos madurados sin LCarnitina. Para determinar la competencia del ovocito para el desarrollo embrionario, los ovocitos madurados fueron fertilizados y cultivados por 8 días. En los ovocitos madurados con L-C se encontró una disminución del 8.1% de la cantidad relativa de lípidos y en la generación de EROs del 41.6%; mientras que la actividad mitocondrial aumentó en 160% con respecto al control, y mejoró la cinética y el porcentaje de blastocistos. Sin embargo, los niveles de GSH no se afectaron con la L-C. Los resultados soportan el efecto benéfico de la L-C durante la maduración in vitro del ovocito bovino para mejorar parámetros antioxidantes y metabólicos que se reflejan en la producción in vitro de embriones bovinos

Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics of preschoolers of the Good Start program in the northwestern area in Medellin

In this current article, derived from a piece of research, the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics, of a sample of 20 preschoolers, are described and whose ages range between 3 and 5 years. They belong to a low socio-economic level and they have benefited from the strategic program at the Mayor’s Office in Medellin (Colombia), belonging to the Secretariat of Education program called the Good Start. Such a program aims the promotion of comprehensive, diverse, and inclusive development of children, from an interdisciplinary perspective of the life cycle, the protection of rights and the inter-institutional coordinationEn el presente artículo derivado de investigación, se describen las características cognitivas, emocionales y conductuales de una muestra de 20 niños preescolares, que oscilan entren los 3 y 5 años de edad, de estrato socioeconómico bajo y que han sido beneficiados del programa estratégico de la Alcaldía de Medellín (Colombia), perteneciente a la Secretaría de Educación, denominado Buen Comienzo. El programa Buen Comienzo tiene como propósito la promoción del desarrollo integral, diverso e incluyente de niñas y niñas, desde en una perspectiva interdisciplinaria del ciclo vital, protección de los derechos y articulación interinstitucional

Características cognitivas, emocionales y conductuales de niños preescolares del programa buen comienzo en el noroccidente de Medellín

In this current article, derived from a piece of research, the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics, of a sample of 20 preschoolers, are described and whose ages range between 3 and 5 years. They belong to a low socio-economic level and they have benefited from the strategic program at the Mayor’s Office in Medellin (Colombia), belonging to the Secretariat of Education program called the Good Start. Such a program aims the promotion of comprehensive, diverse, and inclusive development of children, from an interdisciplinary perspective of the life cycle, the protection of rights and the inter-institutional coordination.En el presente artículo derivado de investigación, se describen las características cognitivas, emocionales y conductuales de una muestra de 20 niños preescolares, que oscilan entren los 3 y 5 años de edad, de estrato socioeconómico bajo y que han sido beneficiados del programa estratégico de la Alcaldía de Medellín (Colombia), perteneciente a la Secretaría de Educación, denominado Buen Comienzo. El programa Buen Comienzo tiene como propósito la promoción del desarrollo integral, diverso e incluyente de niñas y niñas, desde en una perspectiva interdisciplinaria del ciclo vital, protección de los derechos y articulación interinstitucional

La comprensión lectora desde la alianza fantasía y realidad

En el marco de las Becas por la Excelencia del Ministerio de Educación Nacional, el presente macroproyecto se propone fortalecer la comprensión de lectura de los estudiantes de siete instituciones del municipio de Medellín y una de Belén de Bajirá, aplicando diferentes estrategias de lectura planteadas de acuerdo al contexto. Estas estrategias se organizaron en secuencias didácticas que siguieron la alianza entre la fantasía y la realidad y se eligió como tema integrador los superhéroes. En cada grado de la básica primaria se aplicó una secuencia particular y se implementaron instrumentos de recolección de datos que permitieron hacer análisis de resultados de manera individual, luego por grado para posteriormente analizar la implementación de todos los grados escolares. Además de concluir frente a la implementación y los objetivos de investigación, se aporta a la metodología de investigación en macroproyecto.In the framework of the scholarships of the Ministerio de Educación Nacional, the present large-scale project proposes to strengthen the reading comprehension in seven schools in Medellín and one in Belen de Bajira taking into account the context at the moment to apply teaching-learning strategies. These strategies were organised in didactic sequences that followed the main topic which is reality and fantasy, and superheroes was chosen as the integrated theme. In each group of primary school was applied a particular sequence and was implemented a data collection instrument that allowed to analyze individual and general outcomes. This with the idea to put into practice the didactic sequences in all the school years. And finally, the idea of this large-scale project could help to future teacher to carry this out in their classrooms as a new innovative way to enhance the reading comprehension in all the students

Arquitectura : temas y reflexión

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