Using the Uncharged Kerr Black Hole as a Gravitational Mirror

We extend the study of the possibility to use the Schwarzschild black hole as a gravitational mirror to the more general case of an uncharged Kerr black hole. We use the null geodesic equation in the equatorial plane to prove a theorem concerning the conditions the impact parameter has to satisfy if there shall exist boomerang photons. We derive an equation for these boomerang photons and an equation for the emission angle. Finally, the radial null geodesic equation is integrated numerically in order to illustrate boomerang photons.Comment: 11 pages Latex, 3 Postscript figures, uufiles to compres

The properties and structure of N-chloro-N-methoxy-4-nitrobenzamide

The XRD study of N-chloro-N-methoxy-4-nitrobenzamide revealed the high pyramidality degree of its amide nitrogen atom in O–N–Cl moiety. N-Chloro-N-methoxy-4-nitrobenzamide reacts with AcONa in MeCN selectively forming N-acetoxy-N-methoxy-4-nitrobenzamide, whereas its methanolysis in the presence of AcONa yields N,N' bis(4-nitrobenzoyl)-N,N'-dimethoxyhydrazine

ON THE ISSUE OF CHANGING THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SPLEEN IN NEMATODOSES IN MICE DURING IMMUNOSTIMULATION

Background. The study of the reaction of the immune system organs to the introduction of immunomodulators in nematodes is relevant for the development of treatment regimens. The purpose of the study was to examine the spleen (the organ of immunogenesis that plays an important role in the formation of immunity). In addition, the aim of the study was also to find the morphological changes of nematodes (capsules of trichinella larvae) and the features of siphatiа. Materials and methods. In the experiment, 35 white mice were used, which were divided into 5 groups of 7 animals in each group. The first and second groups were injected with 0.004 mg saline solution subcutaneously, the 3rd and 4th groups were injected with polyoxidonium at a dose of 0.004 mg/mouse, the 1st and 3rd groups were infected with trichinella larvae, the 2nd and 4th were spontaneously affected by syphilis, the 5th group served as control. Evaluation of the protective properties of polyoxidonium in laboratory models with trichinosis was carried out by determining the intensity of invasion during postmortem studies of all muscle groups of the animal and siphations by the number of eggs in perianal scrapings. Results. The study showed protective efficacy with the introduction of polyoxidonium was 99.43%, 57 ± 20 trichinella larvae / per animal were detected in the entire muscle mass, while only 72% with syphaciosis. The parenchyma of the organ of the spleen is a red-white pulp, in healthy animals the area of the red pulp was 70+5% of the area of the organ, and the white pulp was 26.5+ 5% of the mass of the organ. In animals infected with nematodes, the area of the white pulp increased dramatically to 50% of the organ area or more. Conclusion. Significant protective activity of polyoxidonium (99.43%) was established in parasitological studies, which was accompanied by an increase in the area of lymphoid tissue associated with the intestine. When studying histological preparations of the spleen, it was noted that the restructuring of the structure under the action of trichinella and siphacia antigens is of the same type: the ratio of red and white pulp, their cellular composition changes. It was found that in all infected animals, the area of the white pulp increased dramatically by more than 60% with trichinosis and up to 50% with syphacosis of the organ area or more. The final result of this thesis was using polyoxidonium, there was also a decrease in the number of eggs in the control group and changes in the number and actual distribution of trichinella larvae in various muscle groups

Morphological and functional characteristics of Trichinella sp. larvae in bears and badgers in the Kirov Region

The purpose of the research is study of morphological and functional characteristics of Trichinella sp. larvae in bears and badgers in the Kirov Region.Materials and methods. The compressor trichinelloscopy (CT) method was used to study 72 sections of muscle tissue samples (in accordance with the Guidelines "Prevention of helminthiasis transmitted through meat and meat products" dated September 23, 1996) from animals obtained during scientific culling. The sections were prepared from the diaphragmatic peduncle muscles and the diaphragm of bears and badgers along the muscle fibers, and placed in the compressorium. The sections were then transferred to glass slides, and provisional slides were prepared and examined using various magnifications (× 8, × 20, × 40). Morphometric measurements were performed using a microscope at × 40 magnification, then the capsule index was calculated. Digestion (peptolysis) in artificial gastric juice was performed according to the P. A. Vladimirova’s method modified by A. V. Uspensky and F. Skvortsova after the test samples were placed in various temperature conditions from 5 to -18 °C, and the parameters of both animal species were compared. The viability of Trichinella sp. larvae was evaluated in a Petri dish in saline at a room temperature. Morphological changes were recorded in the larvae structure (coiled larvae against the total number of isolated, coiled and stretched larvae) and their mobility.Results and discussion. We studied badgers and bears infected by Trichinella spiralis larvae in the Kirov Region. The Trichinella sp. larvae were found in all examined sections of the infected animals. The infection intensity was higher in the badger than the bear and amounted to 218±79.5 larvae per 1 g of muscle, while it was 115±28.5 in the bear. The stated above is explained by the fact that the badger eats carrion more often, and typically visits spontaneous dumps. For postmortem diagnosis of trichinellosis in the obtained bears and badgers, we can use trichinelloscopy and peptolysis methods which are aimed at detecting infection sources and preventing zoonosis in humans

Phenotypes of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Different Regions of the Russian Federation, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach in Clinical Practice

Aim: to present data on the prevalence of various phenotypes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the features of its diagnosis and treatment in various regions of the Russian Federation following a meeting of chief gastroenterologists.Key points. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) holds the leading position among non-infectious liver diseases in the Russian Federation, its prevalence is 37.3 % and does not tend to decrease.To get information on various aspects of NAFLD diagnosis and treatment, opinion of 18 chief external regional gastroenterologists and leading specialists in the field of liver diseases was studied by analyzing the responses to questions specially formulated for them. Information on the situation in the Ural, Privolzhsky, Southern, Central and North-western Federal Districts was obtained. Regional statistics on the prevalence of NAFLD and its certain phenotypes (steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis), diagnostic instruments and treatment approaches which are used in clinical practice, as well as on the most common associated conditions was presented.Conclusions. The collected information allows to improve both administrative and treatment and diagnostic-related activities in managing patients suffering from this disease

Phenotypes of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Different Regions of the Russian Federation, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach in Clinical Practice

Аim: to present data on the prevalence of various phenotypes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the features of its diagnosis and treatment in various regions of the Russian Federation following a meeting of chief gastroenterologists.Key points. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) holds the leading position among non-infectious liver diseases in the Russian Federation, its prevalence is 37.3 % and does not tend to decrease.To get information on various aspects of NAFLD diagnosis and treatment, opinion of 18 chief external regional gastroenterologists and leading specialists in the field of liver diseases was studied by analyzing the responses to questions specially formulated for them. Information on the situation in the Ural, Privolzhsky, Southern, Central and Northwestern Federal Districts was obtained. Regional statistics on the prevalence of NAFLD and its certain phenotypes (steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis), diagnostic instruments and treatment approaches which are used in clinical practice, as well as on the most common associated conditions was presented.Conclusions. The collected information allows to improve both administrative and treatment and diagnostic-related activities in managing patients suffering from this disease

Influence of intensity of infection on morphological characteristics of <i>Trichinella spiralis</i> larvae at experimental infection of white rats and their distribution in muscles

The purpose of the research is to study the morphological changes in the capsules of Trichinella spiralis larvae and their distribution in muscles.Materials and methods. In the experiment, 12 white rats were used, divided into 3 groups of 4 animals each. Rats of the first group were infected with T. spiralis larvae at a dose of 5 larvae per 1 g of body weight, the second – at a dose of 40 larvae per 1 g, rats of the 3rd group served as control and were not infected. The selective dispersal of larvae was studied by determining the intensity of infection in post-mortem studies of the main muscle groups of the animal and measuring the capsules of larvae in different muscle groups.Results and discussion. In the entire muscle mass, 45±10 T. spiralis larvae/animal were found in the 1st group, in the 2nd group the number of larvae was 2250±180, in the control group no T. spiralis larvae were found. It has been established that the distribution of T. spiralis larvae in the muscles of infected animals depends on the dose of infection: at low doses, the largest number was found in the gastrocnemius muscles and diaphragm, at high doses, the number of larvae in the muscles of the head sharply increases

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF OSTEOPONTINE AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEASE-9 IN THORACAL AORTA ANEURYSM DEVELOPMENT

Aim. To evaluate the significance of osteopontine and MMP-9 in the development of thoracal aorta aneurysm in patients with tricuspid (TAV) and bicuspid (BAV) aorta valve. Material and methods. Totally 94 patients included with the dilation of thoracal aorta for more than 40 mm, and 50 patients without aorta pathology, that were the comparison group. All patients underwent echocardiographic study by Vivid 7 (GE, USA) device by standard protocol. The osteopontine concentration and MMP-9 were measured in blood serum with manual plate immune-enzyme assay. Results. The concentration of MMP-9 in blood serum of the patients with aorta pathology and TAV did not differ significantly with the value in comparison group. Otherwise, in IHD the concentration of MMP-9 was significantly higher than in patients without aorta pathology (164,9±76,6 ng/ml and 106,8±82,7 ng/ml, respectively, p&lt;0,01) and closely correlated with the Valsalva sinuses diameters (r=0,302, р=0,007). Comparative analysis of the osteopontine serum concentration did not show differences in the subgroups studied.Conclusion. The positive correlation revealed of the aorta diameter and concentration of MMP-9 in blood serum of the patients with BAV confirms not only the differences in the pathogenesis of thoracal aorta aneurysm in TAV and BAV, but makes it possible to think on the usage of MMP-9 as biomarker of thoracal aorta dilatation

Модели-полиады и их применение в обучении математике

Considered systems of models, called models-polyads. Components of the model-polyads are various models of a prototype object, describing the same its properties, and the exchange of information between the components of the modelpolyads occurring without distorting the information. The examples of modelspolyads, in particular, shows that in the form of models-polyads are the algebra of geometric vectors, algebra of complex numbers, etc. There are highlights the benefits of studying the objects in the form of models-polyads, and especially in the case of training, when the objects under study are presented in a models-polyads.Рассматриваются системы моделей, называемые моделями-полиадами. Компонентами модели-полиады (в частности, модели-диады, модели-триады) являются различные модели некоторого объекта- прототипа, описывающие одни и те же его особенности, причем обмен информацией между компонентами модели-полиады, происходящий без искажения этой информации. Приведены примеры моделей-полиад, в частности, показано, что в виде моделей-полиад представлены векторная алгебра, алгебра комплексных чисел и др. Выделены преимущества изучения объектов, представленных в виде моделей-полиад, и особенности обучения в случае, когда изучаемые объекты представлены в виде моделей-полиад

Морфофункциональные особенности личинок трихинелл у медведей и барсуков в Кировской области

The purpose of the research is study of morphological and functional characteristics of Trichinella sp. larvae in bears and badgers in the Kirov Region.Materials and methods. The compressor trichinelloscopy (CT) method was used to study 72 sections of muscle tissue samples (in accordance with the Guidelines "Prevention of helminthiasis transmitted through meat and meat products" dated September 23, 1996) from animals obtained during scientific culling. The sections were prepared from the diaphragmatic peduncle muscles and the diaphragm of bears and badgers along the muscle fibers, and placed in the compressorium. The sections were then transferred to glass slides, and provisional slides were prepared and examined using various magnifications (× 8, × 20, × 40). Morphometric measurements were performed using a microscope at × 40 magnification, then the capsule index was calculated. Digestion (peptolysis) in artificial gastric juice was performed according to the P. A. Vladimirova’s method modified by A. V. Uspensky and F. Skvortsova after the test samples were placed in various temperature conditions from 5 to -18 °C, and the parameters of both animal species were compared. The viability of Trichinella sp. larvae was evaluated in a Petri dish in saline at a room temperature. Morphological changes were recorded in the larvae structure (coiled larvae against the total number of isolated, coiled and stretched larvae) and their mobility.Results and discussion. We studied badgers and bears infected by Trichinella spiralis larvae in the Kirov Region. The Trichinella sp. larvae were found in all examined sections of the infected animals. The infection intensity was higher in the badger than the bear and amounted to 218±79.5 larvae per 1 g of muscle, while it was 115±28.5 in the bear. The stated above is explained by the fact that the badger eats carrion more often, and typically visits spontaneous dumps. For postmortem diagnosis of trichinellosis in the obtained bears and badgers, we can use trichinelloscopy and peptolysis methods which are aimed at detecting infection sources and preventing zoonosis in humans.Цель исследований: изучение морфофункциональных особенностей личинок трихинелл у медведей и барсуков в Кировской области.Материалы и методы. Методом компрессорной трихинеллоскопии (КТ) исследовали 72 среза проб мышечной ткани (в соответствии с МУ «Профилактика гельминтозов, передающихся через мясо и мясные продукты» от 23.09.96) от животных, добытых при научном отстреле. Срезы готовили из мышц ножек диафрагмы и диафрагмы медведей и барсуков по ходу мышечных волокон, и помещали в компрессориум. Затем срезы переносили на предметные стекла, готовили временные препараты и исследовали с использованием различных увеличений (×8, ×20, ×40). Морфометрические измерения осуществляли с помощью микроскопа при увеличении ×40, затем вычисляли индекс капсулы. Переваривание (пептолиз) в искусственном желудочном соке проводили по методу П. А. Владимировой в модификации А. В. Успенского, Ф. Скворцовой после помещения опытных образцов в различные температурные условия от 5 до -18 оС и сравнивали показатели у обоих видов животных. Жизнеспособность личинок трихинелл оценивали в чашке Петри в физрастворе при комнатной температуре. Отмечали морфологические изменения в структуре личинок (наличие свернутых в спираль личинок к общему числу выделенных, свернутых и расправленных) и их подвижность.Результаты и обсуждение. Изучено заражение барсуков и медведей личинками Trichinella spiralis в Кировской области. Личинки трихинелл обнаружены во всех исследованных срезах у инвазированных животных. Интенсивность инвазии у барсука была выше, чем у медведя и составила 218±79,5 личинок на 1 г мышц, в то время как у медведя 115±28,5. Вышесказанное объясняется тем, что барсук чаще питается падалью, нередко посещает и спонтанные свалки. Для посмертной диагностики трихинеллеза у добытых медведей и барсуков можно использовать методы трихинеллоскопии и пептолиза, которые нацелены на обнаружение источников инфекции и предотвращение зооноза у человека