Endocrinologic, neurologic, and visual morbidity after treatment for craniopharyngioma

Craniopharyngiomas are locally aggressive tumors which typically are focused in the sellar and suprasellar region near a number of critical neural and vascular structures mediating endocrinologic, behavioral, and visual functions. The present study aims to summarize and compare the published literature regarding morbidity resulting from treatment of craniopharyngioma. We performed a comprehensive search of the published English language literature to identify studies publishing outcome data of patients undergoing surgery for craniopharyngioma. Comparisons of the rates of endocrine, vascular, neurological, and visual complications were performed using Pearson’s chi-squared test, and covariates of interest were fitted into a multivariate logistic regression model. In our data set, 540 patients underwent surgical resection of their tumor. 138 patients received biopsy alone followed by some form of radiotherapy. Mean overall follow-up for all patients in these studies was 54 ± 1.8 months. The overall rate of new endocrinopathy for all patients undergoing surgical resection of their mass was 37% (95% CI = 33–41). Patients receiving GTR had over 2.5 times the rate of developing at least one endocrinopathy compared to patients receiving STR alone or STR + XRT (52 vs. 19 vs. 20%, χ2P < 0.00001). On multivariate analysis, GTR conferred a significant increase in the risk of endocrinopathy compared to STR + XRT (OR = 3.45, 95% CI = 2.05–5.81, P < 0.00001), after controlling for study size and the presence of significant hypothalamic involvement. There was a statistical trend towards worse visual outcomes in patients receiving XRT after STR compared to GTR or STR alone (GTR = 3.5% vs. STR 2.1% vs. STR + XRT 6.4%, P = 0.11). Given the difficulty in obtaining class 1 data regarding the treatment of this tumor, this study can serve as an estimate of expected outcomes for these patients, and guide decision making until these data are available

Cultivation Technology of Melony Tree Seedling in Cups with Artificial Substrates

This scientific article reveals experimental materials on the use of artificial substrates and their volumetric ratios for growing papaya seedlings in plastic cups of various sizes from 392 cm3, 2649 cm 3 As a result of scientific research to identify the optimal sizes of cups filled with artificial substrates, a positive effect on the development of papaya seedlings was revealed when they are grown in plastic bags with diameter and height of 15 cm, filled with sand and humus in the ratio of artificial components (sand-humus, sawdust, rice husk)1:3

Cultivation Technology of Melony Tree Seedling in Cups with Artificial Substrates

This scientific article reveals experimental materials on the use of artificial substrates and their volumetric ratios for growing papaya seedlings in plastic cups of various sizes from 392 cm3, 2649 cm 3 As a result of scientific research to identify the optimal sizes of cups filled with artificial substrates, a positive effect on the development of papaya seedlings was revealed when they are grown in plastic bags with diameter and height of 15 cm, filled with sand and humus in the ratio of artificial components (sand-humus, sawdust, rice husk)1:3

Cultivation Technology of Melony Tree Seedling in Cups with Artificial Substrates

This scientific article reveals experimental materials on the use of artificial substrates and their volumetric ratios for growing papaya seedlings in plastic cups of various sizes from 392 cm3, 2649 cm 3 As a result of scientific research to identify the optimal sizes of cups filled with artificial substrates, a positive effect on the development of papaya seedlings was revealed when they are grown in plastic bags with diameter and height of 15 cm, filled with sand and humus in the ratio of artificial components (sand-humus, sawdust, rice husk)1:3