Electromyographic activity of elderly vastus lateralis oblique muscle submitted to periodized resistance training

Resistance training (RT) is recommended for elderly with the objective to increase muscle strength and power trough neuromuscular adaptations, inducing increased motor and functional capacities. The electromyography (EMG) is an important instrument to analyze muscle function after diverse exercise training protocols. The objective of the present study was to analyze electromyographic activity of vastus lateralis oblique muscle (VLO) during maximal voluntary isometric contraction of elderly women submitted to 12 weeks of periodized RT. 16 women aged 65.5±3.6 years with a minimum of one year of previous experience in strength training were selected, they performed 24 sessions of RT divided in 3 mesocycles (MA, MB and MC), of 8 sessions each, with a session frequency of twice a week. The MA with light intensity, the MB moderate and the MC with high intensity. Training intensity was measured by the Borg perception scale. For statistical analysis a p\u3c0.05 was assumed. There was a significant increase in root mean square (RMS) at 90º of knee flexion after 12 weeks (T2) compared with T1 (baseline), measured by VLO muscle EMG. Periodized RT in elderly women is efficient in increasing muscle force, induced by an increase in muscle fiber depolarization

Assessment of the heart rate in judo athletes

Judo is a martial art of Nippon Foundation origin which has been showing excellent results by Brazilian judokas in international competitions. In match dominates the use of anaerobic lactic metabolim, supported by high concentrations of blood lactate found and characteristic of intermittent exercises during the fights. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intensity of exercise in the Judo fight, comparing the heart rate between the light and heavy categories. Five male judokas, aged 20.6 ± 5.4 years, body mass of 87.9 ± 24.1 kg, from a competitive team. All the athletes were subjected to at least a fight with an opponent in its weight category and another of a different category. The fight had five minutes duration, and the heart rate was measured at intervals of 1 minute with a heart rate monitor (Polar®). Most of the time, the heart rate was above the 160 bpm (anaerobic zone), in all the fights at both categories. In conclusion, the findings show the dominance of anaerobic metabolism in Judo, demonstrated by high heart during the fights, with no differentiation of the predominance of metabolism between the light and heavy categories

Increase in muscle power induced by periodized resistance training in elderly women

Resistance training (RT) has been recommended to prevent muscle force and power decrease induced by aging. Neuromuscular tests are important tools to analyze muscle force function. The objective of the present study was to analyze the behavior of lower limb muscle power of elderly women submitted to 12 weeks of periodized RT. 16 women aged 65.5±3.6 years with a minimum of one year of previous experience in strength training were selected, they performed 24 sessions of RT divided in 3 mesocycles (MA, MB and MC), of 8 sessions each, with a session frequency of twice a week. The MA with light intensity, MB moderate and MC with high intensity. Lower limb muscle power was measured by vertical jump test. For statistical analysis a p\u3c0.05 was assumed. There was a significant increase in vertical jump after four (T2), eight (T3) and 12 weeks (T4) as compared with baseline (T1). Periodized RT induced positive effects on lower limb muscle power in elderly women. These results are very important for aging, since higher loses in muscle force are observed in lower limb. Periodization is an important tool to prolong the results of muscle power increase induced by RT

Plyometric training and fatigue index in women basketball players

The plyometric training is an essential tool for improving the explosive force. The objective of the present study was to analyze the responses of a plyometric training program on fatigue index in young women athletes. 14 young female basketball players aged 13.28±0.63 years; body mass 51.71±9.11 kg; height 1.61±6.77 m; and body fat percentage 22.71±4.93 % were selected. The training was developed with the preparatory phase of periodization, during 8 weeks with 3 sessions/week, divided into 3 separate programs: jump training (swedish bench height of 30 cm; barriers with height of 40 cm and stands of timber); depth jumps (with wooden boxes of 40 and 70 cm) and jumps with additional loads on the shoulders (bags of sand with 5 kg and 40 cm wood boxes). The jump training sessions were performed in a circuit fashion. An anaerobic endurance test was done by the forward-backward protocol, before and after the plyometric training. Student\u27s t-test was applied (p≤0.05). The percentage of fatigue index (%FI) declined by 2% (from 7.4% to 5.4%), showing a significant improvement (p = 0.022) in the forward-backward protocol test. The structure of the proposed plyometric program proved to be effective in improving the rate of fatigue in basketball athletes in an anaerobic test, which may directly affect specific sport performance

Muscle Daily Undulating Periodization for Strength and Body Composition: The Proposal of a New Model

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 206-220, 2022. The traditional linear periodization model is designed for modifications to be performed over several weeks, whereas alterations in the undulating model are applied on a more frequent basis. The study investigated a novel periodization scheme, the muscle daily undulating periodization model (mDUP). Thirty-seven men were randomly assigned into 2 groups: (a) a group that performed 12 weeks of daily undulating periodization with fix overload (DUP-F) resistance training (n = 19) and (b) a group that performed 12-weeks of muscle daily undulating periodization with variation overload (mDUP) (n = 18). Body composition and strength assessments (muscular endurance and one repetition maximum [1 RM] for barbell bench press, 45º leg press, lat pull down, and standing arm curl) were completed before and after the program. Two-way MANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare groups with significance set at pp \u3e 0.05, η2p = 0.04), but improvement was noted over time (p \u3c 0.001, η2p = 0.60). No differences were observed between periodization programs for strength (p \u3e 0.05, η2p = 0.056), but strength increased over time (p \u3c 0.001, η2p = 0.95). Similarly, no muscular endurance differences were seen between periodization programs (p \u3e 0.05, η2p = 0.15), but measures increased over time (p \u3c 0.001, η2p = 0.60). When it comes to body composition, muscle strength, and muscle endurance, the present study provides evidence that both periodization models displayed similar results, with more evident improvements in strength. Thus, it seems pertinent to consider this new periodization model plausible for RT practitioners in order to achieve new adaptations

Objective and subjective variables for monitoring of different season cycles in basketball players

The present study aimed to evaluate, compare and relate load and training tiredness during a periodization cycle in basketball players. Eight professional male athletes aged 21.9 ± 3.4 years, all of whom participated in the São Paulo basketball championship, special division, took part in this study. The macrocycle analyzed encompassed 19 weeks divided into the following periods: Preparatory, Competitive I, and Competitive II (having 4, 6, and 9 weeks, respectively). The authors daily evaluated the athletes on subjective perception of tiredness and training load and monitored the athletes' upper limb power by quantifying their ability to throw a medicine ball. Athletes presented less fatigue (p <0.005) in the Preparatory period (13.71 ± 1.30) compared with the Competitive I (14.68 ± 1.51) and Competitive II (14.63 ± 1.22) periods. Their ability to throw the medicine ball decreased (p <0.005) in the Competitive period II (3.59 ± 0.30) compared with the Preparatory (3.80 ± 0.36) and Competitive I (3.86 ± 0.26) periods. Their monotony decreased (p <0.001) in the Competitive period II (1.18 ± 0.43) compared with the Preparatory (2.50 ± 2.01) and Competitive I (2.10 ± 1.61) periods. The results revealed the effectiveness of monitoring load and tiredness of athletes by means of the proposed method to assist in training organization during a macrocycle.O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar, comparar e relacionar carga e cansaço causado por treinamento durante um ciclo de periodização em jogadores de basquete. Oito atletas profissionais masculinos com idade de 21,9 ± 3,4 anos, todos participantes do Campeonato Paulista de Basquete, divisão especial, foram sujeitos deste estudo. O macrociclo analisado incluiu 19 semanas divididas nos seguintes períodos: preparatório, competitivo I e competitivo II (tendo 4,6 e nove semanas, respectivamente). Os autores avaliaram os atletas diariamente quanto à percepção subjetiva de cansaço e carga de treinamento e monitoraram a potência de membro superior dos atletas através da quantificação de sua capacidade de lançar uma bola medicinal. Os atletas apresentaram menos fadiga (p < 0,005) no período preparatório (13,71 ± 1,30) em comparação com os períodos competitivo I (14,68 ± 1,51) e competitivo II (14,63 ± 1,22). Sua habilidade de lançar a bola medicinal diminuiu (p < 0,005) no período competitivo II (3,59 ± 0,30) em comparação com os períodos preparatório (3,80 ± 0,36) e competitivo I (3,86 ± 0,26). Sua monotonia diminuiu (p < 0,001) no período competitivo II (1,18 ± 0,43) em comparação com o preparatório (2,50 ± 2,01) e competitivo I (2,10 ± 1,61). Os resultados revelaram a efetividade na monitoração da carga e cansaço dos atletas através do método proposto para auxiliar na organização do treinamento durante um macrociclo.229233Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Prevalence and profile of use of anabolic steroids in subject's regular resistance trained among 14 and 24 years in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

Orientador: José Martins FilhoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: Os esteróides anabólicos androgênicos (EAAs), são hormônios sintéticos derivados da testosterona e têm sido usados, por muitos atletas, de diferentes modalidades para melhorar a performance esportiva. Além disso, seu uso se estende também entre os adolescentes e jovens com objetivos estéticos. Faltam dados epidemiológicos relacionados ao uso desses hormônios por adolescentes e jovens frequentadores de academias de ginástica, praticantes de treinamento de força, principalmente no Brasil. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver, padronizar e validar um questionário de uso de esteróides anabolizantes em jovens praticantes de treinamento de força e aplicar o instrumento em população alvo específica. Após a elaboração do instrumento, dez especialistas divididos nas áreas de medicina, educação física, nutrição, fisioterapia e estatística, participaram da primeira etapa de validação, através do método de porcentagem de concordância. Após adequação ou retirada das questões que atingiram concordância inferior a 90%, foi realizada a segunda etapa de teste-reteste em 50 jovens com idade entre 14 à 24 anos. Posteriormente a validação, foram aplicados 560 questionários em jovens entre 14 à 24 anos praticantes de treinamento de força na cidade de Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados foram inicialmente inseridos no Micosoft Excel for Mac 2011 e analisados através do software SPSS for Windows 20.0. Foi realizado o teste de correlação de Spearman (rs) para avaliação da reprodutibilidade e para a segunda etapa da pesquisa foi usada estatística descritiva e teste do Quiquadrado. Na etapa de validação do instrumento, 30 questões tiveram índice de concordância maior ou igual a 90%, sendo 7 que apresentaram índice menor que 90% foram reformuladas ou retiradas. Os resultados mostram alto nível de reprodutibilidade em cada questão, sendo algumas delas rs= 1,00 (p=0,0001). O menor valor de reprodutibilidade encontrado foi de rs= 0,66 (p=0,0001). Após aplicação do teste do quiquadrado, a prevalência do uso de EAAs foi de 15% para o sexo masculino e de 2,6% para o sexo feminino. A hipertrofia muscular apareceu como objetivo mais prevalente (22,8%), seguido de definição muscular (4,6%), emagrecimento (2,9%) e o menos prevalente a saúde (2,6%). Dentre os hormônios, o mais citado foi Durateston (43%), seguido por Deposteron e Winstrol (34%) e Decanoato de Nandrolona (26%). Já os suplementos alimentares mais citados foram BCAA com 17%, Whey Protein e Hipercalórico com 15%, seguidos por Albumina, Maltodextrina e creatina, todos com 13% de utilização. Nossos dados demonstram que o instrumento desenvolvido para a pesquisa foi válido e reprodutível e que há um número importante de jovens praticantes de treinamento de força na cidade de Piracicaba-SP usuários de hormônios e outras substâncias, sendo considerado um problema de saúde pública e que merece atenção e conduta especial dos profissionais envolvidos na saúde do adolescenteAbstract: The androgenic anabolic steroids (AASs) are synthetic hormones derived from testosterone and they have been used by many athletes of diverse modalities to improve sports performance. Besides that, their use also extends to adolescents and young with esthetic goals. There is a lack of epidemiological data related to the use of those hormones by adolescents and young who attend gyms for gymnastics, who practice resistance training, especially in Brazil. In face of that, the goal of this work was to develop, standardize and validate a questionnaire about the use of anabolic steroids in young resistance trained subjects and apply the instrument in a specific target population. After developing the instrument, ten specialists divided into the areas of medicine, physical education, nutrition, physicaltherapy and statistics participated in the first phase of the validation, by means of the method of agreement percentage. After making adaptations or withdrawing the questions which reached an agreement of less than 80%, there was a second phase of testing-retesting carried out in 50 young, ages 14 to 24 years. Subsequent to the validation, 560 questionnaires were applied to young between 14 to 24 years who practiced resistance training in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The data was initially inserted into Microsoft Excel for Mac 2011 and analyzed through SPSS software for Windows 20.0. The Spearman (rs) correlation test was carried in order to evaluate the reproductabilty and for the second phase of the research descriptive statistics and the chi-square test were used. In the validation of the instrument phase, 30 questions had an index of agreement higher or equal to 90%, 7 having evinced an index smaller than 90% were restated or withdrawn. The results evinced a high level of reproducibility in each question, some of them being rs= 1.00 (p=0.0001). The smallest value of reproducibility found was of rs= 0.66 (p=0.0001). After the application of the chi¿square test, the prevalence of use of AAS was of 15% for males and 2.6% females. Muscle hypertrophy appeared as the most prevalent goal (22.8%), followed by muscle definition (4.6%), weight loss (2.9%) and the less prevalent was health (2.6%). Among the hormones, Durateston (43%) was the most cited, followed by Deposteron and Winstrol (34%) and Nandrolone Decanoate (26%). Now the most cited dietary supplements were BCAA with 17%, Whey Protein and Hypercaloric with 15%, followed by Albumin, Maltodextrine and creatine, all with 13% of usage. Our data shows that the instrument developed for the research was valid and reproducible and the is a considerable number of young who practice resistance training in the city of Piracicaba-SP users of hormones and other substances, it being considered a public health problem and which deserves the special attention and conduct of the professionals involved in the health of the adolescentDoutoradoSaude da Criança e do AdolescenteDoutor em Ciência