Međugeneracijska obiteljska solidarnost imigranata iz dviju država sljednica bivše Jugoslavije koji žive u Austriji

Intergenerational Family Solidarity (IGFS) is important for social cohesion and challenged by migration. Scientific evidence on how migrants sustain IGFS is scarce. In 2016, 421,875 migrants from different Former Yugoslav Republics were residing in Austria, the majority coming from Bosnia and Herzegovina (162.021) and Serbia (137.057). Immigrants from these countries are predominantly economic migrants who came in the 1960s and refugees of the Balkan wars in the 1990s. A literature review showed that intergenerational solidarity in migrant families in Austria is hardly covered by previous research. No published studies explicitly dealing with this subject were found. To generate more understanding, three migrant women who migrated as refugees in the 1990s from Bosnia and Serbia were asked about their family structures, family life, and family solidarity through semi-structured in-depth interviews based on qualitative sociological method. Results show that although immigration has weakened IGFS in terms of frequency of contact, high normative solidarity prevails and results in feelings of guilt and non-met family responsibilities. Support of parents and relatives is sustained by sending money and goods to the home country.Međugeneracijska obiteljska solidarnost (IGFS) važna je za socijalnu koheziju i ugrožena je migracijom. Malobrojni su znanstveni dokazi o tome kako migranti održavaju međugeneracijsku obiteljsku solidarnost. U Austriji je 2016. boravilo 421 875 migranata iz bivših jugoslavenskih republika, od kojih je većina došla iz Bosne i Hercegovine (162 021) i Srbije (137 057). Imigranti iz tih zemalja uglavnom su ekonomski migranti koji su se iselili u šezdesetim godinama dvadesetoga stoljeća i izbjeglice iz balkanskih ratova 1990-ih. Pregled literature pokazao je da prethodnih istraživanja međugeneracijske solidarnosti u obiteljima migranata u Austriji gotovo nema. Nisu pronađene objavljene studije koje se izravno bave ovom temom. Kako bi se produbilo razumijevanje ove problematike, tri žene koje su 1990. godine izbjegle iz Bosne i Srbije ispitane su o obiteljskim strukturama, obiteljskom životu i obiteljskoj solidarnosti polustrukturiranim dubinskim intervjuima koji se temelje na kvalitativnoj sociološkoj metodi. Rezultati pokazuju da premda iseljavanje slabi međugeneracijsku obiteljsku solidarnost u smislu učestalosti kontakata, prevladava visoka normativna solidarnost i rezultira osjećajima krivnje i neispunjenim obiteljskim obvezama. Podrška roditeljima i rodbini iskazuje se slanjem novca i robe u domovinu

Climate change aggravating migration and health issues in the African context:The views and direct experiences of a community of interest in the field

Climate change is an increasingly important theme in Africa, where a large majority of its people depend on livestock and agricultural activities for livelihood. Concurrently, the topic of health of migrants and people on the move is rapidly raising both in the health debate and migration governance agenda in the Region. The link with climate change from the perspective of health and migration experts needs to be systematically addressed. Objectives: The article aims to contribute to the discourse on the interrelation of climate change, migration, and health by providing contributions of experts in the field of health and migration directly working with migrant and refugee communities in Africa. Methods: A webinar was conducted to collect and discuss first-hand experience with 25 participants from a postgraduate online course on health and migration funded by the Austrian Government and implemented in a co-operation of the Center for Health and Migration, Austria, with Makerere University, Uganda, the International Organization for Migration – UN Migration, and Lancet-Migration. As a result from the discussions, two cases from Sudan and Zimbabwe were selected to be further analysed with desk research to illustrate and underpin the points made. Results: All webinar participants reported to encounter climate change effects on health and migration in their professional practice. In their experience, climate change aggravates issues of health and migration by fueling forced migration and displacement, increasing health care needs, and deteriorating access to health care. Specific health challenges were identified for mental health problems caused by effects of climate change-induced migration, which remain widely undiagnosed and untreated, and the special affectedness of women and girls, with their mental, sexual and reproductive health severely deteriorated in insecure environments. The case studies from Sudan and Zimbabwe underline these observations. Conclusions: The interplay of effects of climate change, (internal) migration, and health is reported by a community of experts in the field of health and migration who are residing in Africa and working with migrant communities. Webinars prove to be an easy to implement tool to collect first hand evidence from practice experts, to foster exchange of experiences, and to get people engaged in further collaboration and discussion.</p

"Zweimal 'Bitte'?, dann hat die keine Geduld mehr und schimpft sie schon": kulturelle Lernprozesse zur Integration von migrantischen Pflegekräften

"Der Artikel schildert Erfahrungen im Zusammenhang mit 'Kultur lernen' in Integrationsprozessen, die migrantische Pflegekräfte in österreichischen Kranken- und Pflegeeinrichtungen gemacht haben. Der Beitrag beruht auf zehn qualitativen Interviews. Leitende Fragen betreffen Erfahrungen bei der Eingliederung in den Arbeitsmarkt, bei der Aufnahme im Arbeitsumfeld, die erlebte Unterstützung von und Begegnung mit Vorgesetzten, KollegInnen und PatientInnen, und damit den Aspekt 'kulturellen Lernens' in Integrationsprozessen. Der Artikel argumentiert, dass Integration asymmetrisch verläuft. Die Leistung 'Kultur lernen' wird von migrantischen Pflegekräften gefordert, wobei Unterstützung der Organisation und/ oder durch Personen (KollegInnen, Vorgesetzte, PatientInnen) punktuell, zufällig und uneingefordert erfolgt. Mitgebrachte Ressourcen z.B. Sprache, werden ebenso punktuell genutzt, etwa für Gespräche mit PatientInnen, sind aber verpönt, wenn es um Sprachgebrauch im Behandlungsteam geht." (Autorenreferat)"The article provides insights on integration experiences of migrant nurses in Austrian hospitals and nursing homes. Ten qualitative interviews were analysed that referred to integration experiences into the labour market and workplace; support from colleagues, superiors and patients; and aspects of 'cultural learning' for integration processes. Results show that 'cultural learning' is asymmetric, because demands on the migrant nurses are high, but with only little backing from the organisational structures. Support from colleagues, superiors, and patients occurs mostly only sporadic, by chance, and in informal contexts. Resources like language are also being used occasionally, e.g. for conversations with migrant patients, but are proscribed for professional communication in the care-giving teams." (author's abstract

Climate change aggravating migration and health issues in the African context: The views and direct experiences of a community of interest in the field

Climate change is an increasingly important theme in Africa, where a large majority of its people depend on livestock and agricultural activities for livelihood. Concurrently, the topic of health of migrants and people on the move is rapidly raising both in the health debate and migration governance agenda in the Region. The link with climate change from the perspective of health and migration experts needs to be systematically addressed.Objectives The article aims to contribute to the discourse on the interrelation of climate change, migration, and health by providing contributions of experts in the field of health and migration directly working with migrant and refugee communities in Africa.Methods A webinar was conducted to collect and discuss first-hand experience with 25 participants from a postgraduate online course on health and migration funded by the Austrian Government and implemented in a co-operation of the Center for Health and Migration, Austria, with Makerere University, Uganda, the International Organization for Migration – UN Migration, and Lancet-Migration. As a result from the discussions, two cases from Sudan and Zimbabwe were selected to be further analysed with desk research to illustrate and underpin the points made.Results All webinar participants reported to encounter climate change effects on health and migration in their professional practice. In their experience, climate change aggravates issues of health and migration by fueling forced migration and displacement, increasing health care needs, and deteriorating access to health care. Specific health challenges were identified for mental health problems caused by effects of climate change-induced migration, which remain widely undiagnosed and untreated, and the special affectedness of women and girls, with their mental, sexual and reproductive health severely deteriorated in insecure environments. The case studies from Sudan and Zimbabwe underline these observations. Conclusions The interplay of effects of climate change, (internal) migration, and health is reported by a community of experts in the field of health and migration who are residing in Africa and working with migrant communities. Webinars prove to be an easy to implement tool to collect first hand evidence from practice experts, to foster exchange of experiences, and to get people engaged in further collaboration and discussion

How Methodology Makes Topics: Ageing Immigrants as a Blind Spot in the Migration Research in Austria. A Research Note

The current research note describes a process where by applying the qualitative method of expert interviews, researchers got confronted with a new topic in their area of expertise that was not on the radar of their research. In the framework of an evaluation study on health promotion interventions for migrants in an urban setting, researchers applied a mixed methods approach. Quantitative element was a self-assessment tool, where providers of health promotion measures described their clientele and rated the quality of their services along given categories. Qualitative element was a series of semi-structured interviews with management and front line service providers. While the self-assessment tool delivered expected results, the interviews revealed an aspect concerning needs and problems of a migrant group researchers had not thought of before. This is the group of immigrants from the 1960ies, coming mainly from Turkey and Former Yugoslavia, now reaching or having reached retirement age. This group was reported as being extremely vulnerable and at risk of a double discrimination as being “old” and “migrant”. Desk research was conducted in reaction to such data, showing that information on this group is scarce. Given the demographic developments with rising shares of (old) aged immigrants living in Austria, it will be important to improve the respective knowledge base

How Methodology Makes Topics: Ageing Immigrants as a Blind Spot in the Migration Research in Austria. A Research Note

The current research note describes a process where by applying the qualitative method of expert interviews, researchers got confronted with a new topic in their area of expertise that was not on the radar of their research. In the framework of an evaluation study on health promotion interventions for migrants in an urban setting, researchers applied a mixed methods approach. Quantitative element was a self-assessment tool, where providers of health promotion measures described their clientele and rated the quality of their services along given categories. Qualitative element was a series of semi-structured interviews with management and front line service providers. While the self-assessment tool delivered expected results, the interviews revealed an aspect concerning needs and problems of a migrant group researchers had not thought of before. This is the group of immigrants from the 1960ies, coming mainly from Turkey and Former Yugoslavia, now reaching or having reached retirement age. This group was reported as being extremely vulnerable and at risk of a double discrimination as being “old” and “migrant”. Desk research was conducted in reaction to such data, showing that information on this group is scarce. Given the demographic developments with rising shares of (old) aged immigrants living in Austria, it will be important to improve the respective knowledge base

Access to Health Care for Undocumented Migrant Children. European Regulations and Practices

Health plays a prominent role in the Convention of the Rights of the Child. Article 24 explicitly states the “right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health” where “States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access” (UN/CRC 1989). For children residing in Europe as undocumented migrants, this universal right to health in a majority of European Member States is overruled by national regulations that restrict access to health care to emergency care. Recent studies indicate that only 8 EU member states grant undocumented migrant children the same entitlements as national children. This puts health care professionals into a paradox situation: to save-guard ethical standards, they have to act against national regulations. Documentations on practices from first line healthcare providers show the high degree of vulnerability for undocumented children and underline the need of proper health care and ethically sound action.La salud juega un papel prominente en la Conveción de Derechos del Niño. El artículo 24 defiende explícitamente “el derecho del niño al disfrute del más alto nivel posible de salud” donde “los Estados Partes se esforzarán por asegurar que ningún niño sea privado de su derecho al disfrute de esos servicios sanitarios” (UN/CRC 1989). Para los niños residentes en Europa como inmigrantes indocumentados, este derecho universal a la salud está invalidado por las regulaciones nacionales que restringen el acceso a los servicios sanitarios sólo a los servicios de emergencia para inmigrantes indocumentados o irregulares. Estudios recientes indican que sólo 8 estados miembros de la UE garantizana los mismos derechos a los niños inmigrantes indocumentados que a los niños nacionales. Esto pone a los profesionales de la salud en una situación paradójica: para salvaguardar estándares éticos, tienen que actuar en contra de la legislación nacional. Los datos sobre las prácticas de los profesionales sanitarios en primera línea muestran, pues, el alto nivel de vulnerailidad para los menores indocumentados así como la importancia de los servicios sanitarios para este grupo

Ethics & economics regarding access to healthcare for marginalised groups

Ethics & economics regarding access to healthcare for marginalised group